Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > General: Topic 5-12 > Flashcards

General: Topic 5-12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most prominent cation of the EC space?

A

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main role of Na+?

A

To maintain the isoosmosis in the EC space (along with Cl-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

To what degree (%) is Na+ and Cl- responsible for maintaining the EC space osmolality?

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which hormone is especially important for the renal reabsorption of Na+?

A

Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which bodily fluid reflects the plasma concentration of Na+ levels?

A

Saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Saliva reflects the plasma concentration of what?

A

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some causes for Hyponatraemia?

A
  1. Diarrhoea
  2. Decreased renal reabsorption (/lack of aldosterone)
  3. Increased water intake
  4. Decreased Na+ intake (rare)
  5. Hypoaldosteronism (Addison’s disease)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some consequences of Hyponatraemia?

A
  1. Allotriophagy:
    The animal will eat non-nutritive substances due to mineral loss / nutrient deficiency
  2. Hypotonic dehydration:
    Loss of saline = Decreased EC volume
  3. Hypotonic hyperhydration:
    Increased water intake = Decreased Na+ concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some causes for hypernatraemia?

A
  1. Water loss
  2. Salt poisoning (most commonly in birds and pigs)
  3. Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome): Develops in liver diseases, causing metabolic disturbances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some consequences of Hypernatraemia?

A
  1. CNS symptoms

2. Hypertonic dehydration (water loss = dec. EC volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most prominent anion of the EC space?

A

Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which anion passively follows Na+ during it’s metabolism?

A

Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some causes of Hypocloraemia?

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Diarrhoea
  3. Hyponatraemic conditions
  4. Abomasal displacement (separated from Na+, and cannot be taken up in the intestines. Is moved back to the rumen: reflux phenomenon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the consequence of Hypochloraemia?

A

Metabolic alkalosis die to increased HCO3- levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some causes of Hyperchloraemia?

A
  1. Salt poisoning
  2. Iatrogenic misinfusion
  3. Hypernatraemic conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the consequence of Hyperchloraemia?

A

There are no independent consequences of Hyperchloraemia; always in connection with Na+ concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the cation’s effects are antagonised by K+?

A

Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some causes of hyopkalaemia?

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Diarrhoea
  3. Abomasal displacement
  4. Alkalosis
  5. Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s) (Aldosterone = Na+ in, K+ out)
  6. Decreased intake (rare)
  7. Insulin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What effect does Aldosterone have on K+?

A

Aldosterone affects the Na+ / K+ activity of the renal tubules: Na+ is reabsorbed and K+ is excreted in the presence of aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What effects does insulin have on K+?

A

Insulin affects glucose uptake in the cells via the glucose / K+ co-transport system. As a result, there is a transfer of K+ from the EC to the IC (Hypokalaemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some consequences of hypokalaemia?

A
  1. Muscle weakness (decreased neuromuscular irritability)
  2. Arrhythmias (decreased conductance stimuli)
  3. Glucose intolerance: insulin cannot transport glucose into cells without K+
  4. Polyuria
  5. Polydipsia
  6. Alkalosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some causes of Hyperkalaemia?

A
  1. Acidosis (increased H+ —> H+ / K+ pumps —> EC K+ conc inc.)
  2. Cellular injuries
  3. Increase in intake (fertilisers, fresh grass)
  4. Hypoaldosteronism (Addison’s)
  5. Iatrogenic injections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the consequences of Hyperkalaemia?

A
  1. Altered cardiac conductance
  2. Dilatation of the heart in diastole
  3. Hyperkaluria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the fractions (in %) of Ca2+ in the plasma?

A 
40% = Ionized form
50% = Bound to albumin
10% = Takes part in complex molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the most important roles of calcium?

A
  1. Structure of bones and teeth
  2. Co-factor in blood clotting
  3. Affects the secretive function on cell receptors
  4. Muscle function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which 6 factors are responsible for the Ca2+ levels in the body?

A
  1. Intake
  2. Demand
  3. Blood phosphate concentration
  4. C-cells of the parathyroid gland
  5. Vitamin D
  6. Albumin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which metabolic processes could increase the need for Ca2+?

A

Egg laying, milk production, bone formation (young animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How are Ca2+ and phosphate contents of the blood related?

A

They are inversely related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which gland is important in the maintenance of Ca2+ in the blood?

A

The parathyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the name of the cells in the parathyroid gland that release PTH?

A

C-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is PHT?

A

Parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the role of PTH?

A

The parathyroid hormone is responsible for the maintenance of a narrow range of calcium levels in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does PTH (mainly) increase the Ca2+ level in the blood?

A

It stimulates the osteoclasts or break down bone and release calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How are vitamin D and Ca2+ related?

A

Vitamin D is required for the absorption of Ca2+ (and phosphate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is Vitamin D related to phosphate?

A

Vitamin D is required for the absorption of phosphate (and Ca2+)

36
Q

How does alkalosis change the fractions of Ca2+ in the blood?

A

Alkalosis causes an increase in the “protein bound Ca2+” fraction, which causes a decrease in the “Ionised Ca2+” fraction

37
Q

How does acidosis change the fractions of Ca2+ in the blood?

A

Acidosis causes an increase in the “Ionised Ca2+” fraction, which causes a decrease in the “protein-bound Ca2+” fraction

38
Q

How does hypoalbuminaemia affect the Ca2+ concentration?

A

Hypoalbuminaemia cases a decrease in the total Ca2+ concentration

39
Q

Name the factors that cause a decrease in the Ca2+ and phosphate absorption

A
  1. Ageing
  2. Inc. body weight
  3. Inc. intestinal peristalsis
  4. Intestinal circularity disorders
  5. Increased fat, Mg2+, F, or physio content of feedstuff
40
Q

Name the factor that causes an increase in the Ca2+ and phosphate absorption

A

Increased protein content of the feedstuff

41
Q

What are the most important endocrine regulators of phosphate and calcium?

A

PTH and calcitonin

42
Q

What are the regulatory effects of PTH of Ca2+ and Phosphate?

A
  1. Inc. P excretion in kidney (=dec. plasma conc.)
  2. Mobilises Ca2+ and P from bones (Inc. osteoclasts activity) (inc. Ca2+ and P plasma conc.

Total = Inc. Ca2+ plasma conc. (P remains unchanged)

43
Q

What are the regulatory effects of calcitonin of Ca2+ and Phosphate?

A
  1. Increased renal excretion of P (=dec. plasma conc.)
  2. Decreased mobilisation of Ca2+ from bone (= dec. plasma conc.)

Total = Decreased Ca2+ and P plasma conc.

44
Q

What is the double effect of calcitonin (on Ca2+ and P)?

A
  1. Renal P excretion increases
  2. Bone resorption decreases (dec. osteoclasts activity)

Total = Plasma Ca2+ AND P decreases

45
Q

What is the double effect of PHT (on Ca2+ and P)?

A
  1. Renal P excretion increases
  2. Ca2+ and P is mobilized from bones (Inc. osteoclast activity)

Total = Plasma Ca2+ conc. increases, Plasma P conc. stays the same

46
Q

What are the effects of the D-hormone?

A
  1. Facilitates intestinal Ca2+, Mg2+, and P absorption
  2. Stimulates the expression of transport proteins to support a proper Ca2+ / p balance for the mineralisation of bones
  3. Improves the utilisation of phytin (P, energy, myoinositol, and cation source)
47
Q

What are some reasons for Vitamin D deficiency?

A
  1. Genetic deficit in the Vitamin D receptors
  2. Severe liver or kidney disease
  3. Insufficient exposure to sunlight
48
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin D deficiency?

A
  1. Osteoporosis (decrease of bone matrix)
  2. Rickets
  3. Osteomalacia
  4. Osteoarthritis (general inflammation of bones and joints)
  5. PHT abnormalities
  6. High blood pressure
49
Q

Name some of the influencing factors of Ca2+ homeostasis

A
  1. Demand
  2. Intake
  3. Absorption
  4. Blood phosphate content
  5. Parathyroid gland (C-cells, PTH)
  6. Vitamin D (D-hormone)
  7. Hypoalbuminaemia
  8. Alkalosis (Ionised Ca2+ dec; PB Ca2+ inc.)
  9. Acidosis (Ionised Ca2+ inc; PB Ca2+ dec.)
50
Q

What causes Ca2+ deficiency?

A

Primary form: Rare

2ndary form: When PTH + Vit D3 levels decrease or anti freezing compound toxicosis

51
Q

What happens to PTH in Ca2+ deficiency?

A

Secretion is stimulated

52
Q

What happens to PTH in Ca2+ overload?

A

Secretion is inhibited

53
Q

What happens to calcitonin when blood Ca2+ levels are low?

A

Secretion is at a minimum / inhibited

54
Q

What happens to calcitonin when blood Ca2+ levels are high?

A

Secretion is stimulated

55
Q

What happens to vitamin D when Ca2+ levels are high?

A

Synthesis of D-hormone (D3) is suppressed due to low PTH secretion

56
Q

What happens to vitamin D when Ca2+ levels are low?

A

Production of D-hormone (D3) is stimulated due to increased levels of PTH

57
Q

What happens to the renal excretion of phosphate when Ca2+ levels are high?

A

Renal excretion of P is decreased due to low levels of PTH

58
Q

What happens to the renal excretion of phosphate when Ca2+ levels are low?

A

The excretion of P is strongly stimulated by PTH

59
Q

What are the consequences (illnesses) of hypocalcaemia?

A
  1. Tetany
  2. Osteomalacia (rickets)
  3. Renal failure (causes hyperphosphataemia)
  4. Milk fever
  5. Eclampsia
60
Q

What are the consequences of hypercalcaemia?

A
  1. Hypercalcuria
  2. Hypophosphataemia
  3. Osteopathies
  4. Osteogenesis (calcification)
  5. Nephropathy
    a. Decreased Zn absorption = Skin problems
    b. Effect on heart can lead to cardiac arrest during systole
61
Q

What are the consequences of Hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Malaise, lethargy, depression, confusion
  2. Muscle weakness
  3. Renal colic (kidney stones)
  4. Polyuria / nocturia
  5. Nausea and vomiting
  6. Constipation
  7. Peptic ulcers
  8. Osteoporosis
62
Q

Describe primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid adenoma —> High PTH —> High Ca2+ and low P levels in plasma

63
Q

Describe secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Renal failure —> Impaired PO4 excretion + Impaides Vit D activation —> High PTH, Normal /high phosphate, and Normal or low Ca2+

64
Q

What are the causes of hypophosphataemia?

A

Primary (main form): Lack of P in feed

Secondary: Phytin overdose in monogastric animals

65
Q

What are the consequences of hypophosphataemia?

A
  1. Retarded growth (lack of ATP)
  2. Osteopathies
  3. Reproductive function disorders (non-infectious)
  4. Post-partum haemoglobinuria
66
Q

Why does hypophosphataemia not occur in ruminants?

A

Because they (as opposed to monogastric animals) have phytase in the rumen, which makes them able to break down phytin

67
Q

What are the causes of hyperphosphataemia?

A

Primary (main form): Increased intake

Secondary: Through a lack of calcium or a decreased renal function

68
Q

What is one of the most important functions of Mg2+?

A

It is required for the activity of many enzymes (oxidative phosphorylation)

69
Q

What is the absorption of Mg2+ influenced by?

A

The amount of Ca2+, P, and K+ in the diet

High dietary conc. of these = low absorption of Mg2+ due to saturation of cellular transporters

70
Q

What causes Hypomagnesaemia?

A

Primary: Limited intake
Secondary: K+ excess, stress.

71
Q

What is the consequence (illnesses) caused by hypomagnesaemia?

A
  1. Tetany
    a. Neuromuscular hyperirritability
    (Prolonged involuntary muscle contraction du to inc. release of Ach and dec. Ach etsterase activity)
    b. Grass staggers (eating grass low in Mg2+)
    c. Transport tetany, winter tetany, whole milk tetany
72
Q

What is the consequence of Hypermagnesaemia?

A
  1. Diarrhoea (local effect of GI tract)

2. Decreased muscle irritability (muscle weakness / lameness)

73
Q

What is another name for parturient paresis?

A

Milk fever or Eclampsia

74
Q

Which elements are out of balance in milk fever?

A

Hypocalcaemia (can be caused by hypermagnesaemia)

75
Q

What can cause hypocalcaemic tetanus?

A
  1. Parathyroid gland having relative or absolute hypofunction (excess excretion of Ca2+)
  2. Renal failure (due to hyperphosphataemia)
76
Q

Which types of tetanus are caused by hypomagnesaemia?

A
  1. Grass staggers
  2. Winter tetany
  3. Whole milk tetany
  4. Transport tetany
77
Q

Name some symptoms of tetanus

A
  1. Depressed appetite
  2. Dull, lethargic appearance
  3. Stiffness
  4. Staggering gait
  5. Excitability / muscular tremors
  6. Collapse, thrashing about, death
78
Q

How much of the blood calcium is immediately available for utilisation?

79
Q

How much higher is the demand for Ca2+ during the first day of lactation in a cow?

A

Three times higher than than the normal amount (50%) available in the blood

80
Q

Which elements increase in the body during milk fever?

A
  1. Urea / nitrogen
  2. Lactic acid
  3. Peruvian acid
  4. Chloride
  5. Hydrocortisone
  6. AST
  7. PTH
  8. 1,25-diOH D3
  9. PCV
81
Q

Which elements decrease in the body during milk fever?

A
  1. Inorganic phosphorous (P)
  2. Total P
  3. Acid-soluble P
  4. Globulins
82
Q

What is the “real” name of milk fever / Eclampsia?

A

Parturient paresis

83
Q

What elements become imbalanced during milk fever (e.g. hypo (hyper)?

A
  1. Hypophosphataemia
  2. Hyperglycaemia
  3. Hypermagnesaemia
  4. Hypoinsulinaemia
84
Q

Name some complications that can occur from milk fever

A
  1. Muscle, tendon, joint damages / degeneration (Downing cow syndrome)
  2. Toxaemia from infection of the udder, reproductive tract, or digestive system
85
Q

Which dog breeds are most likely to get eclampsia?

A

Small breeds

86
Q

When does eclampsia usually occur?

A

1-3 weeks after birth

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions