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Theoretical Optics > general T.O topics 2 > Flashcards

general T.O topics 2 Flashcards

1
Q

states that in a homogeneous optical medium, light travels along a straight path

A

Law of Rectilinear Propagation of Light

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2
Q

Proofs of Law of rectilinear propagation of light

A
  1. Shadow of an opaque object with a point source of light
  2. Shadow of an opaque object with an extended light source
  3. Pinhole camera
  4. Eclipses
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3
Q

an object placed between a point source of light and screen will cast a shadow with a sharply defined boundary, the boundary line is the intersection of the screen with the conical surface that touches the surface of the obstacle and has its apex at the source

A

Shadow of an opaque object with a point source of light

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4
Q

is the smallest possible source of light

A

Point source

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5
Q

dark image formed by intercepting the light rays; formed if you block the rays of light

A

Shadow

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6
Q

The region of complete shadow formed on the screen

A

UMBRA

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7
Q

when an opaque disk is interposed between an extended light source and a screen, part of the screen is illuminated by one extremity of the source, another part is illumination by the other extremity, the shadow of the sphere will not be clearly define

A

Shadow of an opaque object with an extended light source

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8
Q

the region of partial shadow, which receives light from only a portion of the source

A

Penumbra

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9
Q
  • where an inverted real image is formed
  • the size of the image depends on the length of the camera and the distance of the object from it
A

Pinhole Camera

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10
Q

the natural phenomenon that illustrates the formation of shadows

A

Eclipses

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11
Q

the visual angle formed at the nodal point of the eye by the object

A

Apparent Height or Angular height

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12
Q

2 apparent height factors:

A
  1. the distance of the object from the observer
  2. the size of the object
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13
Q

science of measuring and comparing light quantities

A

Photometry

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14
Q

instrument used for measuring and comparing light quantities

A

Photometer

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15
Q

3 aspects of Photometry

A
  1. the Luminous flux or flow of light from the source
  2. the luminous intensity of the source
  3. the illuminance or brightness of a surface
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16
Q
  • rate of flow of luminous energy from a source
  • radiant energy which is emitted by a source per unit time which causes the sensation of sight
A

Luminous Flux

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17
Q

unit if luminous flux

A

Lumen

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18
Q
  • quantity of light emitted by a source in one given direction
A

Luminous Intensity

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19
Q

the unit of luminous intensity

A

candle or candle power

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20
Q
  • measure of the illumination
  • brightness of the surface
A

Illuminance

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21
Q

states that the illumination of a surface placed perpendicularly to he direction in which the light is traveling varies inversely as the distance of the surface from the source

A

Inverse square law

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22
Q

states that the illumination of a surface varies as the cosine of the angle of incidence

A

Cosine Law of illumination

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23
Q

states that the candle powers of two light sources are directly proportioned to the squares of their distances from the screen of a photometer.

A

Law of intensity

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24
Q

for an extended light source, like fluorescent lamps, the illumination decreases as the inverse first power of the distance

A

Luminance of Extended Sources

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25
Q

Law that states the angles which the incident and reflected rays make, respectively with the normal reflecting surface, are equal

A

Laws of Reflection

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26
Q

2 Types of reflection:

A
  1. Specular (regular) reflection
  2. Diffuse (irregular) reflection
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27
Q
  • reflection that occurs only on smooth surfaces such as glass, mirror, mercury where most of the energy is reflected
  • reflected rays travel in the same direction
A

Specular (regular) Reflection

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28
Q
  • reflection that occurs on rough and uneven surface like wood where most of the energy is absorbed
  • reflected rays spread out in different directions
A

Diffuse (irregular) Reflection

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28
Q
  • reflection that occurs on rough and uneven surface like wood where most of the energy is absorbed
  • reflected rays spread out in different directions
A

Diffuse (irregular) Reflection

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29
Q

Portion of a sphere which was sliced away and then silvered on one of the sides to form a reflecting surface

A

Spherical Mirrors

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30
Q

silvered on the inside of the sphere

the curve is away from the observer

A

Concave mirrors

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31
Q
  • silvered on the outside of the sphere
  • the reflecting surface is curved towards the observer
A

Convex mirrors

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32
Q

Line passing through the center of the sphere and attaching to the mirror in the exact center of mirror

A

PRINCIPAL AXIS

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33
Q

the point in the center of sphere from which the mirror was sliced

A

Center of Curvature

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34
Q

the point on the mirror’s surface where the principal axis meets the mirror

A

Vertex

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35
Q

midway between the vertex and the center of curvature

A

Focal point

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36
Q

distance from the vertex to the center of curvate

A

Radius of Curvature

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37
Q

distance from the mirror to the focal point

A

Focal Length

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38
Q

usable rays in construction of images: Ray#1 ?

A

Ray #1 - ray parallel to principal axis passes through F after reflection

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39
Q

usable rays in construction of images: Ray#2 ?

A

Ray #2 - ray passing through F will be reflected parallel to the principal axis

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40
Q

usable rays in construction of images: Ray #3 ?

A

Ray #3 - ray passing through C will follow the same path back after reflection

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41
Q

usable rays in construction of images: Ray #4 ?

A

Ray #4 - ray incident to the vertex of the mirror will be reflected according to the laws of reflection

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42
Q

images produced by CONCAVE MIRRORS: Case #1 ?

A

Case 1 - Object at an infinite distance from the mirror

A point image is formed at the PRINCIPAL FOCUS

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43
Q

images produced by CONCAVE MIRRORS: Case #2 ?

A

Case 2 - Object at a finite distance beyond the center of curvature

image is REAL, INVERTED, and MINIFIED, located between the CENTER OF CURVATURE and the PRINCIPAL FOCUS

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44
Q

images produced by CONCAVE MIRRORS: Case #3 ?

A

Case 3 - Object at the center of curvature

image is REAL, INVERTED, and has the SAME SIZE OF THE OBJECT located at the CENTER OF CURVATURE

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45
Q

images produced by CONCAVE MIRRORS: Case #4 ?

A

Case 4 - object between the center of curvature and the principal focus

image is REAL, INVERTED, and MAGNIFIED located beyond the CENTER OF CURVATURE

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46
Q

images produced by CONCAVE MIRRORS: Case #5 ?

A

Case 5 - Object at the principal focus

NO IMAGE FORMED

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47
Q

images produced by CONCAVE MIRRORS: Case #6 ?

A

Case 6 - object between principal focus and mirror

image is VIRTUAL, ERECT and MAGNIFIED, located BEHIND THE MIRROR

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48
Q

images formed by CONVEX MIRROR:

A

always VIRTUAL, ERECT, and MINIFIED

image is BEHIND THE MIRROR within its PRINCIPAL FOCUS

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49
Q

image formed in PLANE MIRROR:

A

VIRTUAL, ERECT, SAME SIZE

SAME DISTANCE as the object from the mirror

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50
Q

image formed in PLANE MIRROR:

A

VIRTUAL, ERECT, SAME SIZE

SAME DISTANCE as the object from the mirror

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51
Q

refers to the ratio of image length to object length measured in planes that are perpendicular to the optical axis

A

Linear magnification

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52
Q

bending of light as it goes from one medium to another of different density

A

Refraction

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53
Q

Laws of refraction:

A ray of light striking a refracting surface perpendicularly is _____

A

Undeviated

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54
Q

Laws of refraction:

A ray of light which passes obliquely from a RARER to a DENSER medium is bent ______ the normal.

A

TOWARDS (decrease speed)

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55
Q

Laws of refraction:

A ray of light which passes obliquely from a DENSER to a RARER medium is bent _____ from the normal.

A

AWAY (increase speed)

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56
Q

Laws of refraction:

the incident ray, normal and refracted ray, all lie in the _______.

A

Same plane at the point of reference

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57
Q

Laws of refraction:

law in which Sine of the angle of incidence is to the sine of the angle of refraction as the inverse ratio of their indices

A

Snell’s Law

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58
Q

ratio of the speed of light in empty space or vacuum (air) to the speed of light in some other optical medium

A

Absolute index of refraction

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59
Q

ratio of the speed of light of two optical media, of which neither is air or when such is the case that light does not originate from air

A

Relative index of refraction

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60
Q

refractive index of air:

A

1.0

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61
Q

refractive index of water:

A

1.33

62
Q

refractive index of ethyl alcohol:

A

1.36

63
Q

refractive index of crown glass:

A

1.523

64
Q

refractive index of Polycarbonate:

A

1.58

65
Q

refractive index of Diamond:

A

2.417

66
Q

an optical medium having two refractive sides, both of which are plane and parallel

A

Plane refractors

67
Q

Light passing through a plane refractor suffers no _____, and

merely a ______.

A

permanent deviation, displacement

68
Q

the displacement suffered by the ray is dependent upon:

A
  1. the angle of incidence
  2. thickness of plane refractor
  3. indices of refraction
69
Q

an angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction makes an angle of 90 degrees with the normal angle of incidence, which just transmit a ray of light in a dense medium to pass out into a rare medium

A

Critical Angle

70
Q

when the incident ray coming from a dense medium subtends an angle with the normal to the refracting surface, greater than the critical angle for the substance, it does not pass out into the rare medium but suffers _____.?

A

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

71
Q

defined as a portion of a transparent substance bounded by two polished surfaces, both of which may be curved, or only one may be curved and the other plane.

A

LENS

72
Q

grounded using a minus tool

A

spherical PLUS curvature

73
Q

grounded using a plus tool

A

spherical MINUS curvature

74
Q

wedge shaped portion of a refracting medium contained between two plane polished surfaces which are not parrellel to each other

A

PRISM

75
Q

a ray of light passing through a prism is bent towards the _____

A

BASE

76
Q
  • It forms a magnified image of an object held within its focus
  • when moved, an object viewed through it appears to move in opposite direction
A

CONVEX LENS

77
Q
  • it diminishes the apparent size of an object seen through it
  • when moved, an object viewed through it appears to move in opposite direction
A

CONCAVE LENS

78
Q

standard forms of Plus and Minus Lenses:

A
  • Plano convex/Plano concave
  • Bi convex- Bi concave
  • Equi-convex/Equi-concave
  • Plus/minus Meniscus
  • Periscopic Lenses
79
Q

the back surface is plane, all the power being provided by the front surface:

A

Plano convex/Plano concave

80
Q

both surfaces having same curve but of different power

A

Bi convex/Bi concave

81
Q

both surfaces having the same curvature and power

A

Equi-convex/Equi-convave

82
Q

the front is convex, the back surface is concave

A

Plus/minus meniscus lens

83
Q

this lens is the form in which mass-produced lenses are now made

A

Plus/minus meniscus lens

84
Q

all the plus lenses have back surface power of -1.25 D and all minus lenses have a front surface curve of +1.25 D

A

Periscopic lens

85
Q

the line joining the center of curvature of the two sphere or lens

A

OPTIC AXIS

86
Q

point through which rays of light pass unrefracted

A

OPTIC CENTER

87
Q

line drawn perpendicular to the optic axis passing through the optic center, from which the object and image distances may be measured

A

Principal of Bending plane

88
Q

images produced by convex lenses:

  1. Object at an infinite distance from the mirror
A

a REAL IMAGE is produced at the FOCUS

89
Q

images produced by convex lenses:

  1. object is placed at a distance greater than twice the focal length
A

image is

  • REAL,
  • INVERTED,
  • DIMINISHED
90
Q

images produced by convex lenses:

  1. object at a distance twice the focal length
A
  • REAL IMAGE,
  • INVERTED,
  • SAME SIZE AS THE OBJECT
91
Q

images produced by convex lenses:

  1. object at a distance between 2f and f
A
  • REAL IMAGE
  • INVERTED
  • MAGNIFIED
92
Q

images produced by convex lenses:

  1. object at the principal focus
A

NO IMAGE FORMED

93
Q

images produced by convex lenses:

  1. object between the principal focus and the lens
A

VIRTUAL IMAGE

ERECT

MAGNIFIED

94
Q

image produced in concave lens:

A

ALWAYS VIRTUAL, ERECT AND DIMINISHED

95
Q

This relation holds for any case of image formation by a convex or concave lens

A

Thin lens Equation and Linear magnification

96
Q

The power of a surface lens depend upon its _____ and ______.

A

RADIUS OF CURVATURE and INDEX OF REFRACTION

97
Q

have two different curves on a single refracting surface on or within the eye

A

ASTIGMATISM

98
Q

General classes of cylinder lenses:

A
  1. Simple cyl
  2. Compound cyl
  3. mixed cyl
  4. Cross-cyl
99
Q

cyl with no spherical equivalent

A

Simple cyl

100
Q

cyl having plus or minus power in both meridians

(cyl

A

Compound cyl

101
Q

cyl having plus power in one meridian and minus power in the other

(cyl >sph)

A

Mixed cylinder

102
Q

cyl having two similar or dissimilar cyl crossed at right angle

A

Cross-Cylinder

103
Q

it is defined as changing the form of a lens prescription without changing its value

A

Transposition

104
Q

types of transposition:

A
  1. Flat transposition
  2. Toric Transposition
105
Q

applicable to cylinder prescriptions, and by of any cylinder prescriptions may be changed to plus cylinders, minus cylinder or cross cylinder

A

FLAT TRANSPOSITION

106
Q

process of finding the power or strength of the refracting elements which make up an unknown lens

A

NEUTRALIZATION

107
Q

Purpose of transposition:

A
  1. to simplify the expression of a lens formula
  2. to aid in changing or combining lenses in a trial frame
  3. to facilitate the use of lenses to be used
108
Q

Methods of neutralization:

A
  1. By measurement of the focal length of lens
  2. By determining the curvature of each of the surfaces of the lens
  3. By computing the thickness difference between the center and edge of the lens
  4. Hand neutralization
  5. By the use of vertex power instrument
109
Q

used for determining the curvature of each of the surfaces of the lens

A

LENS MEASURE

110
Q

used for computing the thickness difference between the center and edge of the lens

A

CALIPER

111
Q

used for hand neutralization of the lens

A

TRIAL LENSES

112
Q

used for the use of vertex power instrument

A

LENSMETER/LENSOMETER

113
Q

is measured from the lens to the image or focal plane with the source of light originating from infinity

A

FOCAL LENGTH

114
Q

other term for lens measure

A
  • Geneva lens measure
  • Lens clock
115
Q

other term for Lensmeter:

A
  • Focimeter
  • Vertometer
116
Q

Types of mires:

A
  • Circle of Dots (sphere lens)
  • 2 sets of lines perpendicular to each other (cylinder lens)
117
Q
  • consist of two straight lines drawn at right angles to each other and representing the principal meridians of a lens or lens combinations.
A

OPTICAL CROSS

118
Q
  • describes the manner in which the lens is made
  • depends on the use of definite base curve and all the other curves of the lens being determined by using the selected base curve as a point of reference
A

TORIC TRANSPOSITION

119
Q
  • – curvature upon which a series of power is ground
  • power from which the other powers of the lens surface may be calculated
A

BASE CURVE

120
Q
  • Lens in which base curve is always the lowest [powered curve on the front surface
A

SV LENS

121
Q
  • base curve is always a sphere
  • Lens in which The base curve is always on the same surface as the segment
A

BIFOCAL LENS

122
Q
  • The base curve on the segment side must be spherical in nature
  • The cylinder element in bifocals is always ground on the surface opposite the segment side
A

FUSED BIFOCAL TORIC TRANSPOSITION

123
Q

The deviation produced by a prism is expressed in terms of its?

A

PRISMATIC POWER

124
Q
  • Causing deviation of light without changing its vergence.
A

PRISM

125
Q

Prisms do not affect the vergence because their surfaces are ____, the surface have _____.

A

FLAT, NO DIOPTRIC POWER

126
Q

prism has converging surfaces which meet in a line called _____?

A

APEX

127
Q

the prism’s divergent extremities are connected by a surface called the _____?

A

BASE

128
Q

Ray of light passing through a prism are bent toward the _____?`

A

BASE

129
Q

An object observed through a prism is displaced apparently toward the _____?

A

APEX

130
Q

An eye looking through a prism is turned towards the _____?

A

APEX

131
Q

A prism that deviates a light ray 1.00 cm at a distance of 1 m is said to have a power of _____?

A

1 prism diopter

132
Q
  • Are used to alleviate symptoms associated with disorders of binocular vision by deviating light to fall on the foveas of both eyes. But it does not solve the underlying problems.
A

PRISM IN SPECTACLES

133
Q

prisms Cause reduction in visual acuity due to

A

chromatic abberation

134
Q

is created when the patient looks away from the optical center of any plus or minus lens

A

PRISMATIC EFFECT

135
Q

THE PRISMATIC POWER ______ AS THE DISTANCE FROM THE OPTICAL CENTER OF THE LENS AND OR THE LENS POWER _______.

A

increases, increases

136
Q

The greater the prism power, the more the image is _____?

A

displaced

137
Q

There is no prismatic power along the _____ of the lens. ( a ray of light travels along the ______ is not deviated)

A

OPTICAL AXIS

138
Q

A LENS has both ____ power and _____ power

A

DIOPTRIC AND PRISM

139
Q

_____ power due to the curvature of the lens surfaces is manifest as a change in the vergence of light rays.

A

DIOPTRIC POWER

140
Q

_____ power is manifest as a displacement of the image toward the apex of the prism.

A

PRISMATIC POWER

141
Q

a result of inappropriate positioning of the optical centers,

A

UNWANTED prismatic effect

142
Q

Prismatic effect can be computed using:

A

PRENTICE RULE

143
Q

_____ is the distance from the center of the lens to the point in question.

A

displacement

144
Q

A cylinder decentered along its axis will give _____ effect.

A

NO prismatic effect

145
Q

A cylinder decentered perpendicular to its axis will give a _____ equivalent to a sphere of the same power.

A

prismatic effect

146
Q

Incorporating a Prism in Prescription are achieved by:

A
  • ACTUAL GRINDING
  • DECENTRATION OF LENS
146
Q

Incorporating a Prism in Prescription are achieved by:

A
  • ACTUAL GRINDING
  • DECENTRATION OF LENS
147
Q

If prisms are combined with their base-apex line parallel, and with their bases in the same direction, then their effects are considered to be additive or called ____?

A

THIN PRISM COMBINATIONS

148
Q

If the two prism to be combined are NOT PARALLEL, then the single effective prism can be produced by ______.

A

resolving the two prisms

149
Q

A circle viewed through a prism appears slightly oval and with the upper and lower edges faintly blurred. The blurring occurs along the base-apex line; distinct along the axis.

A

Prism aberration

150
Q

optical effect that occurs when an object viewed through a prism appears displaced toward the apex.

A

Produce an Optical Illusion

151
Q

rotating a prism on its base-apex line or axis as the observer looks through it at an object causes the object to be distorted and the distortion is spoken of as ______?

A

Metamorphopsia

152
Q

when a beam of solar light is made to pass through a prism of rock crystal or flint glass is broken up into its constituent parts.

A

Dispersion of Light

Theoretical Optics (5 decks)

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