General Terms - everything else Flashcards
Antheridium
Male Gametangia
Archegonium
Female Gametangia
Sporangia
Where asexual spores are formed
Vascular plant innovations
- Dominant sporophyte generation
- Well-developed cuticle
- Vascular tissue
- Tracheids
- Branched sporophyte
- Roots
Vascular plants
Plants with conducting system so vascular tissue is tissue involved in conducting water and nutrients throughout the body of the plant
Peat mosses
Hold a lot of water
Creates acidic conditions- sterile
Hold a lot of carbon
Alternation of generations (haplodiplontic life cycle)
Multicellular organism in the haploid phase in the life cycle and a multicellular orb side in the diploid phase of the life cycle
In all land plants but not all green algae
Early adaptations to land
- Desiccation resistant spores
- Cuticle for preventing loss of water and Herbivory
- Stomata for regulating pores
- Gametangia for protection of gametes
- Embryo which protects young sporophyte
- Fungal association
- Rich secondary chemistry
Archaea
More closely related to eukaryotes than prokaryotes (bacteria)
Extremophiles
Halophiles (salt), thermophiles (heat), methane gems (live in anaerobic guts)
Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Lacks a nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotes
Us
Possess membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Mitochondria
Oxidative respiration
Plastids
Photosynthesis
Autotrophs
Generate own food from inorganic carbon (CO2)
Heterotrophs
Feed on organic substances (other organisms and their products)
Characteristics of fungi
- Fruiting body
- Eukaryotes
- Non motile body
- Multicellular, filamentous (hyphae, mycelium)
- Absorptive mode of nutrition
- Cell walls so osmosis can happen
- Store carbon as glycogen (us) rather than starch (plants)
- Spores (like plants)
- Unicellular and multicellular
- Critical decomposes, parasites, mutualism should
More similarity between animals and fungi at cellular level
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Penetrate cell wall (but not cell membrane) the branches extensively
Allowed land plants to evolve
Primary endosymbiosis theory
Proposed initial steps in the evolution of the mitochondrion by endosymbiosis
Endosymbiosis
Process of incorporation of one organism within the cell off another
Eukaryote engulfs cyanobacterium (prokaryote) which becomes mitochondria
Secondary endosymbiosis
Red and green algae are descendants of an ancestor that engulfed cyanobacterium and incorporated it into its cell, then red or green algae are Engulfed by eukaryotes that convert them into chloroplast
Evidence of endosymbiosis origin of plastids and mitochondria
- Size - similar to bacteria relatives
- Replication - binary fission
- Ribosomes - similar to bacteria
- Antibiotics - same kill as bacteria
- Genomes - circular and sequences similar
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
Hyphae goes inside root in the spaces but do not penetrate cell
Bryophytes
Non vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Desiccation tolerant
No roots, just rhizoids
Swimming sperm
No structural support cuz no rigid tissues
Heterocysts
specialized cells that Carry out nitrogen fixation
