General Terms - everything else

Question 1

Antheridium

Answer 1

Male Gametangia

Question 2

Archegonium

Answer 2

Female Gametangia

Question 3

Sporangia

Answer 3

Where asexual spores are formed

Question 4

Vascular plant innovations

Answer 4

1. Dominant sporophyte generation
2. Well-developed cuticle
3. Vascular tissue
4. Tracheids
5. Branched sporophyte
6. Roots

Question 5

Vascular plants

Answer 5

Plants with conducting system so vascular tissue is tissue involved in conducting water and nutrients throughout the body of the plant

Question 6

Peat mosses

Answer 6

Hold a lot of water
Creates acidic conditions- sterile
Hold a lot of carbon

Question 7

Alternation of generations (haplodiplontic life cycle)

Answer 7

Multicellular organism in the haploid phase in the life cycle and a multicellular orb side in the diploid phase of the life cycle

In all land plants but not all green algae

Question 8

Early adaptations to land

Answer 8

1. Desiccation resistant spores
2. Cuticle for preventing loss of water and Herbivory
3. Stomata for regulating pores
4. Gametangia for protection of gametes
5. Embryo which protects young sporophyte
6. Fungal association
7. Rich secondary chemistry

Question 9

Archaea

Answer 9

More closely related to eukaryotes than prokaryotes (bacteria)

Extremophiles
Halophiles (salt), thermophiles (heat), methane gems (live in anaerobic guts)

Question 10

Prokaryotes

Answer 10

Bacteria

Lacks a nucleus and organelles

Question 11

Eukaryotes

Answer 11

Us

Possess membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Question 12

Mitochondria

Answer 12

Oxidative respiration

Question 13

Plastids

Answer 13

Photosynthesis

Question 14

Autotrophs

Answer 14

Generate own food from inorganic carbon (CO2)

Question 15

Heterotrophs

Answer 15

Feed on organic substances (other organisms and their products)

Question 16

Characteristics of fungi

Answer 16

1. Fruiting body
2. Eukaryotes
3. Non motile body
4. Multicellular, filamentous (hyphae, mycelium)
5. Absorptive mode of nutrition
6. Cell walls so osmosis can happen
7. Store carbon as glycogen (us) rather than starch (plants)
8. Spores (like plants)
9. Unicellular and multicellular
10. Critical decomposes, parasites, mutualism should

More similarity between animals and fungi at cellular level

Question 17

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 17

Penetrate cell wall (but not cell membrane) the branches extensively

Allowed land plants to evolve

Question 18

Primary endosymbiosis theory

Answer 18

Proposed initial steps in the evolution of the mitochondrion by endosymbiosis

Question 19

Endosymbiosis

Answer 19

Process of incorporation of one organism within the cell off another

Eukaryote engulfs cyanobacterium (prokaryote) which becomes mitochondria

Question 20

Secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 20

Red and green algae are descendants of an ancestor that engulfed cyanobacterium and incorporated it into its cell, then red or green algae are Engulfed by eukaryotes that convert them into chloroplast

Question 21

Evidence of endosymbiosis origin of plastids and mitochondria

Answer 21

1. Size - similar to bacteria relatives
2. Replication - binary fission
3. Ribosomes - similar to bacteria
4. Antibiotics - same kill as bacteria
5. Genomes - circular and sequences similar

Question 22

Ectomycorrhizal fungi

Answer 22

Hyphae goes inside root in the spaces but do not penetrate cell

Question 23

Bryophytes

Answer 23

Non vascular plants such as mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Desiccation tolerant
No roots, just rhizoids
Swimming sperm
No structural support cuz no rigid tissues

Question 24

Heterocysts

Answer 24

specialized cells that Carry out nitrogen fixation