General Terms

Question 1

Endocrine System

Answer 1

a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system

Question 2

Hormone

Answer 2

a chemical substance released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism

Question 3

Steroidal Hormones

Answer 3

made of steroids; can cross the cell membrane easily (EX: estrogen, testosterone, cortisol)

Question 4

Nonsteroidal Hormones

Answer 4

made of amino acids/proteins; cannot easily cross cell membrane; instead bind to receptor on cell’s surface (EX: glucagon, insulin)

Question 5

Prostaglandins

Answer 5

tissue hormones; don’t travel in blood stream; target cells near where they are produced

Question 6

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 6

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

Question 7

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)

Answer 7

stimulates secretion of cortisol from adrenals

Question 8

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Answer 8

Females - simulates development of ova/eggs in ovaries

Males - stimulates production of sperm in testes

Question 9

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 9

Females - causes ovulation and secretion of estrogen and progesterone
Males - stimulates production of testosterone

Question 10

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Answer 10

synthesizes Melanin (pigment) in skin cells

Question 11

Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 11

promotes normal growth; breaks down fat; slows breakdown of glucose

Question 12

Prolactin

Answer 12

stimulates breast milk production post pregnancy

Question 13

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 13

promotes reabsorption of water in kidney tubules (not a stimulating or trophic hormone)

Question 14

Oxytocin

Answer 14

causes uterine contractions during labor

Question 15

Functions of T3 and T4

Answer 15

increase cell’s energy production; stimulate protein synthesis; speed up repair of damaged tissue

Question 16

Functions of Calcitonin

Answer 16

lowers blood calcium activating osteoblasts to build bone tissue

Question 17

Parathyroid Glands

Answer 17

secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)-which regulates calcium in blood, and plays a part in bone density

Question 18

Aldosterone

Answer 18

stimulates body to retain sodium which helps to retain water, blood pressure maintenance

Question 19

Cortisol

Answer 19

release when someone is stressed, decrease protein synthesis, reduces inflammation which can decrease pain

Question 20

Epinephrine

Answer 20

prepares body for strenuous activity and stress, reinforces effects on sympathetic nervous system
-only produced in the adrenal gland

Question 21

Norepinephrine

Answer 21

very similar actions to epinephrine (prepares body for strenuous activity and stress)
-produced in adrenal gland and certain neurons in brain

Question 22

Exocrine Gland

Answer 22

secretes bile into duct to small intestine

Question 23

Endocrine Gland

Answer 23

secretes into blood directly

Question 24

Alpha Cells

Answer 24

secrete glucagon to increase glucose in blood

Question 25

Beta Cells

Answer 25

secrete insulin to help cells utilize glucose thereby lowering the amount in the blood, aids in protein transport

Question 26

Ovaries

Answer 26

(Female) Function: development of secondary sex characteristics; produce female sex hormone

Question 27

Ovarian Follicle

Answer 27

secretes estrogen responsible for breast development

Question 28

Corpus Luteum

Answer 28

secrets progesterone - maintains uterine lining for pregnancy

Question 29

Testes

Answer 29

(Male) produce male sex hormone called androgens

Question 30

Masculinizing Hormone

Answer 30

testosterone - responsible for maturation of external genitals, beard growth, voice change, etc.

Question 31

Pinealocytes

Answer 31

cells produce and secrete hormone melatonin (role in biological clock, sleep/awake cycle)