General terminology

Question 1

Polysyndetic listing

Answer 1

repeated conjunctions between each item

Question 2

think manifestations….

Parataxis

Answer 2

the placing of related clauses in a series without the use of connecting words
E.g “May I be happy; may I be peaceful; may I be free”

Question 3

Endophoric reference

Answer 3

refers to word within the text
“I saw Sally yesterday. She was lying on the beach”, “she” is an endophoric expression because it refers to something mentioned elsewhere in the text, i.e. “Sally”.

Question 4

Exophoric reference

Answer 4

refers to something outside the text,
Look over there! We have no way of understanding what ‘there’ refers to. ‘There’ can only be understood by the listener, who can see what the speaker is referring to.

Question 5

Suffix

Answer 5

one or more letters added to the end of a base word to change its conjugation, word type, or other grammar properties like plurality
E.g BeautiFUL

Question 6

Inflectional suffix

Answer 6

Suffixes that change the form of a word alone, and not its class
For example, in ‘smile, smiles, smiling, and smiled’, -s, -ing, and -ed are the inflectional suffixes

Question 7

Derivational suffix

Answer 7

changes meaning of word or word class
E.g slowLY, colourFUL
Makes slow into an adverb and colour into an adjective

Question 8

Antanaclasis

Answer 8

rhetorical device in which a word is repeated in a sentence with different meanings
“I’m not a businessman, I’m a business, man.”

Question 9

epizeuxis

Answer 9

same word or phrase repeated in a succession in the same sentence
“Never give in — never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense.”
Same as conduplicatio

Question 10

Diphthong

Answer 10

a vowel sound that is the combination of two separate sounds
E.g coin

Question 11

Hypernym

Answer 11

words that label categories
E.g dog

Question 12

Hyponym

Answer 12

specific words that can be included in a more general category
E.g Border terrier

Question 13

Multimodality

Answer 13

two or more communication modes to make meaning, e.g. image, spoken language, written language

Question 14

Negation prefix

Answer 14

becomes opposite:
un-, anti-, non-

Question 15

Extent prefix

Answer 15

over-, under-

Question 16

Time prefix

Answer 16

pre-, post-

Question 17

Subordinate clause

Answer 17

Dependent clause starting with conjunction
The phrase ‘until it went dark’ is the subordinate clause because it requires additional information in order to make sense.

Question 18

Compound sentence

Answer 18

2+ independent clauses
For example:
I really need to go to work, but I am too sick to drive.

Question 19

Complex compound sentence

Answer 19

1 dependent and 2+ independent
“Although he was tired, John stayed up late to finish his project, and he still managed to get to work on time.”

Question 20

Complex sentence

Answer 20

1 independent clause and 1+ dependent clauses

Question 21

Preposition

Answer 21

in front of noun to indicate time/position
above, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, by, down, from, in, into, near, of, off, on, to, toward, under, upon, with and within.

Question 22

Declarative sentence

Answer 22

Simple statement
I like dogs.

Question 23

Exclamatory sentence

Answer 23

Used for emphasis/exclamation
‘it’s raining!’

Question 24

Adjacency pairs

Answer 24

An utterance that contrains response in turn-taking.
‘Hi!’ — ‘oh, hi!’

Question 25

Auxiliary verbs

Answer 25

Used with another verb
be, can, could, dare, do, have, may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, will, would.

Question 26

Primary auxiliary verbs

Answer 26

be, have and do

Question 27

Modal auxiliary verbs

Answer 27

Express possibility/certainty
I.E maybe, could, shall, might

Question 28

Epistemic modality verbs

Answer 28

Weakening commitment to truth - possibility, likelihood
Can, could, may, might, will, would, shall

Question 29

Determiner

Answer 29

Introduces noun with definite articles
E.g YOUR car

Question 30

Definite article

Answer 30

Used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader
E.g ‘the’

Question 31

Indefinite article

Answer 31

‘A’ or ‘an’

Question 32

Intensifier

Answer 32

Emphasises another word (very)

Question 33

Qualifier

Answer 33

Expresses quality/extent quite, fairly)

Question 34

Aggravated directive

Answer 34

Order/command verb
‘I WANT the…’

Question 35

Interjection

Answer 35

Expresses spontaneous reaction: exclamation

Question 36

Discourse marker

Answer 36

Manages flow and structure of discourse (well, you know, I mean, like), overlaps with fillers and conjunctions

Question 37

Interpolation

Answer 37

a remark interjected in a conversation

Question 38

Transitive verb

Answer 38

Requires object to complete action “address,” “borrow,” “bring,” “discuss,” “raise,” “offer,” “pay,” “write,” “promise,” and “have.”

Question 39

Intransitive verb

Answer 39

No direct object receiving action
‘she walks’

Question 40

Active voice

Answer 40

An active voice sentence is written in the form of “A does B.” (For example, “Carmen sings the song.”)

Question 41

Passive voice

Answer 41

A passive voice sentence is written in the form of “B is done by A.” (For example, “The song is sung by Carmen.”)

Question 42

Hypophora

Answer 42

When a rhetorical question is immediately followed by answer

Question 43

Personal deixis

Answer 43

I , me , you

Question 44

Spatial diexis

Answer 44

Position
Here, there, left, right

Question 45

Temporal diexis

Answer 45

Time
Now, then, tomorrow

Question 46

Distal deixis

Answer 46

Distance
That, those, there

Question 47

Proximal deixis

Answer 47

Close
This, here, now

Question 48

Presupposition

Answer 48

Presumption

Question 49

Indefinite pronoun

Answer 49

Don’t refer to a specific person or thing
everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, each, one, much, nobody, no one, either, neither, anybody, anyone, any, all, most, some, none, more, both, several, few, and many.

Question 50

Personal pronoun

Answer 50

Represent people or things
Me, him, she

Question 51

Relative pronoun

Answer 51

Links different parts of a sentence
That, which, whose

Question 52

Demonstrative pronoun

Answer 52

Point to things
This, that

Question 53

Pronominal pronoun

Answer 53

relating to or resembling a pronoun
- pronominal adjective: “MY book”
- pronominal noun: pronoun

Question 54

Lexical ambiguity

Answer 54

The presence of two or more possible meanings within a single word (e.g. “She is looking for a match”)

Question 55

Catachresis

Answer 55

Use of a word in a semantically incorrect way, e.g. “chronic” instead of “severe”, or application that departs from conventional usage, e.g. “literally” being used in a non-literal setting
“I’m ravished!” instead of “I am ravenous”

Question 56

Homograph

Answer 56

Words with the same spelling but more than one meaning. May be pronounced the same (homonyms), or they may be pronounced differently (heteronyms)

Question 57

Malapropism

Answer 57

The mistaken use of a word in place of a similar sounding one (e.g. ‘dance a flamingo’ instead of flamenco).

Question 58

Parapraxis

Answer 58

A slip of the tongue or pen to reveal unconscious wishes or attitudes

Question 59

Portmanteaus

Answer 59

The creation of a new word through a combination of two existing words, with the meaning being an amalgamation of the two (e.g. “Fluddle”, a word used to describe a body of water between the size of a Flood and a Puddle)

Question 60

Spoonerism

Answer 60

An error in speech in which corresponding morphemes are switched between two words in a phrase (e.g. “It is kisstomary to cuss the bride”, “you have hissed the mystery lectures.”)