General terminology Flashcards
Polysyndetic listing
repeated conjunctions between each item
think manifestations….
Parataxis
the placing of related clauses in a series without the use of connecting words
E.g “May I be happy; may I be peaceful; may I be free”
Endophoric reference
refers to word within the text
“I saw Sally yesterday. She was lying on the beach”, “she” is an endophoric expression because it refers to something mentioned elsewhere in the text, i.e. “Sally”.
Exophoric reference
refers to something outside the text,
Look over there! We have no way of understanding what ‘there’ refers to. ‘There’ can only be understood by the listener, who can see what the speaker is referring to.
Suffix
one or more letters added to the end of a base word to change its conjugation, word type, or other grammar properties like plurality
E.g BeautiFUL
Inflectional suffix
Suffixes that change the form of a word alone, and not its class
For example, in ‘smile, smiles, smiling, and smiled’, -s, -ing, and -ed are the inflectional suffixes
Derivational suffix
changes meaning of word or word class
E.g slowLY, colourFUL
Makes slow into an adverb and colour into an adjective
Antanaclasis
rhetorical device in which a word is repeated in a sentence with different meanings
“I’m not a businessman, I’m a business, man.”
epizeuxis
same word or phrase repeated in a succession in the same sentence
“Never give in — never, never, never, never, in nothing great or small, large or petty, never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense.”
Same as conduplicatio
Diphthong
a vowel sound that is the combination of two separate sounds
E.g coin
Hypernym
words that label categories
E.g dog
Hyponym
specific words that can be included in a more general category
E.g Border terrier
Multimodality
two or more communication modes to make meaning, e.g. image, spoken language, written language
Negation prefix
becomes opposite:
un-, anti-, non-
Extent prefix
over-, under-
Time prefix
pre-, post-
Subordinate clause
Dependent clause starting with conjunction
The phrase ‘until it went dark’ is the subordinate clause because it requires additional information in order to make sense.
Compound sentence
2+ independent clauses
For example:
I really need to go to work, but I am too sick to drive.
Complex compound sentence
1 dependent and 2+ independent
“Although he was tired, John stayed up late to finish his project, and he still managed to get to work on time.”
Complex sentence
1 independent clause and 1+ dependent clauses
Preposition
in front of noun to indicate time/position
above, across, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, by, down, from, in, into, near, of, off, on, to, toward, under, upon, with and within.
Declarative sentence
Simple statement
I like dogs.
Exclamatory sentence
Used for emphasis/exclamation
‘it’s raining!’
Adjacency pairs
An utterance that contrains response in turn-taking.
‘Hi!’ — ‘oh, hi!’
Auxiliary verbs
Used with another verb
be, can, could, dare, do, have, may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, will, would.
Primary auxiliary verbs
be, have and do
Modal auxiliary verbs
Express possibility/certainty
I.E maybe, could, shall, might
Epistemic modality verbs
Weakening commitment to truth - possibility, likelihood
Can, could, may, might, will, would, shall
Determiner
Introduces noun with definite articles
E.g YOUR car
Definite article
Used before a noun to indicate that the identity of the noun is known to the reader
E.g ‘the’
Indefinite article
‘A’ or ‘an’
Intensifier
Emphasises another word (very)
Qualifier
Expresses quality/extent quite, fairly)
Aggravated directive
Order/command verb
‘I WANT the…’
Interjection
Expresses spontaneous reaction: exclamation
Discourse marker
Manages flow and structure of discourse (well, you know, I mean, like), overlaps with fillers and conjunctions
Interpolation
a remark interjected in a conversation
Transitive verb
Requires object to complete action “address,” “borrow,” “bring,” “discuss,” “raise,” “offer,” “pay,” “write,” “promise,” and “have.”
Intransitive verb
No direct object receiving action
‘she walks’
Active voice
An active voice sentence is written in the form of “A does B.” (For example, “Carmen sings the song.”)
Passive voice
A passive voice sentence is written in the form of “B is done by A.” (For example, “The song is sung by Carmen.”)
Hypophora
When a rhetorical question is immediately followed by answer
Personal deixis
I , me , you
Spatial diexis
Position
Here, there, left, right
Temporal diexis
Time
Now, then, tomorrow
Distal deixis
Distance
That, those, there
Proximal deixis
Close
This, here, now
Presupposition
Presumption
Indefinite pronoun
Don’t refer to a specific person or thing
everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, each, one, much, nobody, no one, either, neither, anybody, anyone, any, all, most, some, none, more, both, several, few, and many.
Personal pronoun
Represent people or things
Me, him, she
Relative pronoun
Links different parts of a sentence
That, which, whose
Demonstrative pronoun
Point to things
This, that
Pronominal pronoun
relating to or resembling a pronoun
- pronominal adjective: “MY book”
- pronominal noun: pronoun
Lexical ambiguity
The presence of two or more possible meanings within a single word (e.g. “She is looking for a match”)
Catachresis
Use of a word in a semantically incorrect way, e.g. “chronic” instead of “severe”, or application that departs from conventional usage, e.g. “literally” being used in a non-literal setting
“I’m ravished!” instead of “I am ravenous”
Homograph
Words with the same spelling but more than one meaning. May be pronounced the same (homonyms), or they may be pronounced differently (heteronyms)
Malapropism
The mistaken use of a word in place of a similar sounding one (e.g. ‘dance a flamingo’ instead of flamenco).
Parapraxis
A slip of the tongue or pen to reveal unconscious wishes or attitudes
Portmanteaus
The creation of a new word through a combination of two existing words, with the meaning being an amalgamation of the two (e.g. “Fluddle”, a word used to describe a body of water between the size of a Flood and a Puddle)
Spoonerism
An error in speech in which corresponding morphemes are switched between two words in a phrase (e.g. “It is kisstomary to cuss the bride”, “you have hissed the mystery lectures.”)
