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Surgical Recall > General Surgery - GI Hormones & Physiology > Flashcards

General Surgery - GI Hormones & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define the products of the following cells:

Gastric parietal cells

A

HCl

Intrinsic Factor

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2
Q

Product of Chief Cells?

A

Pepsinogen

PEPpy Chief

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3
Q

Product of G Cells?

A

Gastrin

G cells are found in the antrum

G = Gastrin

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4
Q

Mucous Neck Cell Products?

A

Bicarbonate mucus

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5
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Proteolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds

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6
Q

What is Intrinsic Factor?

A

Protein secreted by parietal cells that combines with vitamin B12 and enables absorption in the terminal ileum

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7
Q

Name three receptors on the parietal cell that stimulates HCl release

A

Think HAG:

Histamine

Acetylcholine

Gastrin

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8
Q

What is the enterohepatic circulation?

A

Circulation of bile acids from the liver to the gut and back to the liver via the portal vein

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9
Q

Where are most of the bile acids absorbed?

A

Terminal Ileum

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10
Q

How many times is the entire bile acid pool circulated during a typical meal?

A

Twice

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11
Q

What are the stimulators of gallbladder emptying?

A

Cholecystokinin

vagal input

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12
Q

What are the inhibitors of gallbladder emptying?

A

Somatostatin

sympathetics (it’s impossible to flee and digest food at the same time!)

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

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13
Q

Source of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

duodenal mucosal cells

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14
Q

what stimulates release of cck?

A

fat

protein

amino acids

HCl

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15
Q

What inhibits release of CCK?

A

trypsin

chymotrypsin

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16
Q

Actions of CCK?

A

Empties gallbladder

opens ampulla of Vater

slows gastric emptying

stimulates pancreatic acinar cell growth & release of exocrine products

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17
Q

Source of secretin?

A

Duodenal cells

SPECIFICALLY: argyrophilic S cells

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18
Q

Whats stimuates release of secretin?

A

pH <4.5 (acidity)

fat in the duodenum

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19
Q

What inhibits release of secretin?

A

High pH in duodenum

20
Q

What are secretin actions?

A

Releases pancreatic bicarbonate, enzymes, H2O

Releases bile, bicarbonate

Decreases Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) tone

Decreases release of gastric acid

21
Q

Source of gastrin?

A

Gastric antrum G cells

22
Q

What stimulates release of gastrin?

A

stomach peptides/amino acids

vagal input

calcium

23
Q

What inhibits gastrin release?

A

pH <3.0

Somatostatin

24
Q

Actions of gastrin?

A

Release of HCl from parietal cells

Trophic effect on mucosa of the stomach and small intestine

25
Q

Source of somatostatin?

A

pancreatic D cells

26
Q

What stimulates somatostatin release?

A

FOOD

27
Q

Actions of somatostatin?

A

Globally inhibiting GI function

28
Q

Purpose of the colon?

A

Reabsorption of H2O, storage of stool

29
Q

Main small bowel nutritional source?

A

Glutamine

30
Q

What is the main nutritional source of the colon?

A

Butyrate (short chain fatty acid)

31
Q

Where is calcium absorbed?

A

Duodenum actively

Jejunum passively

32
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum

33
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

Terminal ileum

34
Q

Which hormone primarily controls gallbladder contraction?

A

CCK

35
Q

What supplement does a patient need after removal of the terminal ileum or stomach?

A

Vitamin B12

36
Q

Main constituents of bile?

A

Water

phospholipids (lecithins)

bile acids

cholesterol

bilirubin

37
Q

What are most gallstones made of?

A

Cholesterol

38
Q

How do opiates affect the bowel?

A

By stimulating sodium absorption & inhibiting secretion in the ileum as well as decreasing GI motility by incoordinated peristalsis

Therefore, place patients on stool softeners when dispensing pain medication

39
Q

Which type of muscle fibers, smooth or striated, does the esophagus contain?

A

BOTH

upper third: striated muscle control of motor nerves

middle third: mixed

lower third: smooth muscle, primarily under control of vagal motor fibers

40
Q

Which electrolytes does the colon actively absorb?

A

Na+, Cl-

41
Q

Which electrolyte does the colon actively secrete?

A

HCO3-

plays a role in diarrhea causing the patient to have a normal anion gap acidosis

42
Q

Which electrolyte does the colon passively secrete?

A

K+

43
Q

What is the gastrocolic reflex?

A

Increased secretory and motor functions of the stomach result in increased colonic motility

44
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver

A

75% from the portal vein, rich in products of digestion

25% from the hepatic artery, rich in O2 (but each provide for 50% of oxygen!)

45
Q

What are Peyer patches?

A

Nodules of lymphoid tissue with B & T lymphocytes in the small intestine that selectively sample lumenal antigens found in the terminal ileum

Surgical Recall (15 decks)

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