General Revision Flashcards
Name the three main categories of joints.
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous (primary and secondary)
- Synovial
What is the type of joint found between tibia and fibula?
Syndesmosis Fibrous Joint (bones with the interosseous membrane)
What is the type of joint found in the skull?
Suture Fibrous Joint
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Give examples.
- Synchondrosis (primary) - sternocostal joint
- Symphysis (Secondary) - Examples: Pubic symphysis vertebral disc
Pivot Joint?
Atlanto-axial joint
What type of joint is a condyloid joint?
Give an example of a condyloid joint.
Synovial Joint
Example: Metacarpophalangeal joint
Give an example of a ball and socket joint.
Glenohumeral joint
Give two examples of a plane/gliding joint.
- Sternoclavicular Joint
- Acromioclavicular joint
which of the following is multinucleated: smooth or skeletal muscle?
Skeletal.
Also Striated.
What are the three junctions found in intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?
- Desmosomes
- Fascia Adherentes
- Gap Junctions
Example of a convergent muslce?
Pectoralis Major (has a clavicular head and a strenal head)
What nerve innervates the serratus anterior?
Long Throacic Nerve
What nerves innervates the pectoralis major and minor?
Major: lateral and medial pectoral nerves
Minor: Medial pectoral nerve
Which part of the bone provides strength for weight bearing?
Cortical Bone
Which type of bone provides flexibility and acts to absorb shock?
Trabecula (spongy) bone
What are the main 4 types of tissues found in the human body.
- Epithelium
- Connective
- Neural
- Muscle
What are types of specialised connective tissue.
- Bone
- Blood
- Cartilage (purple on MS)
- Reticular (in bone marrow)
- Adipose
What are types of connective tissue proper.
- Loose Connective (underskin, usually purple under micrscope)
- Dense regular
- Dense Irregular
What are the two parts of intervertebral discs?
What type of joints do they form?
- Annulus Fibrosis (connect adjacent vertebral bodies)
- Nucleus Pulposus (shock absrober)
Joint: Secondary Cartilaginous Joint
Which number vertebrae are Atlas and Axial Vertebrae?
C1 and C2 - Form the Atlatoaxial Joint - A pivot
Describe the identification of vertebrae by their structure.
Cervical - bifid spinous process, and foreman transversarium where the vertebral artery passes
Thoracic - think giraffe, has facets for articulation with ribs
Lumbar - massive body, short d sturdy spinous process
What is special about C7?
carries the vertebral vein rather than artery and the spinous process isn’t bifid.
What is the difference between back sprain and back strain?
Sprain: involves ligamentous tissue only (due to excessive rotation or extension)
Strain: stretching or tearing of muscle tissue (overly strong contraction)
Which ligaments prevent hyperflexion, hyperextension, and one that limits flexion?
Hyperflexion: Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Hyperextension: Anterior Longitudinal ligament
Limits flexion: Ligamentum Flavum
Which nerve innervates the trapezius?
Spinal accessory nerve (carnial nerve xii)
Which nerve innervates the lattissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
What is the name of the space that contains the cerebospinal fluid in the spinal chord?
Subarachnoid Space (between arachnoid mater and pia mater)
What is special about the internal venous plexus.
Valveless veins making it a potential path for cancer metastasis.
At which level would you carry out lumbar puncture, spinal anaesthesia, and Epidural anaesthesia?
At L4
What is the name of spinal arthiritis that will cause inflammation and fusion of vertebrae?
Ankylosing Spondylitis
How many arteries does the spinal chord have?
3 one anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries
Describe Venous supply of the spinal cord.
- 3 anterior veins forming the external anterior plexus and 3 posterior veins forming the external posterior plexus
- There is also
What type of information is carried by the ventral and dorsal roots? sensory or motor.
- Ventral: Motor
- Dorsal: Sensory
Name the two enlargements along the spina chord.
Cervical (C5-T1)
Lumbosacral (L1-S3)
What innervates serratus posterior superior and posterior inferior muscles?
Anterior Rami of spinal nerves
What nerve innervates the levator scapulae muscles, rhomboid rhomboid major?
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
What is the name of the potential space that could allow infections to spread from an abscess in the teeth?
Retropharyngeal (base of skill to diaphragm - also lies posterior to the heart)
What is compartent syndrome?
Injury to muscles within compartments made by the the layers of fascia separation muscles, causes the muscles to swell, compresses neurovascular bundles.
Name the veins from which you get venous blood samples and IV line?
Venous Sample: Median Cubital Vein
IV: Cephalic Vein
Which type of cartialge found in tendons and intervetebral discs?
Fibrocartilage - chondrocytes in lacuna with collagen fibres around - good for tensile strength
Which type of cartilage is found in the ribs?
Hayline cartilage (chondrocytes in lacuna)
What is the difference between an exocrine and endocrine gland?
Exocrine have ducts
Endocrine no ducts with hormones directly into the blood stream
What are the three types of secretions by exocrine glands?
- Merocrine secretion - through vesicles - pancreatic acinar cells (secrete digestion enzymes into ducts)
- Apocrine secretion - the apical portion of a cell is shed - lactating mammals
- Holocrine - the whole cell is ruptured and destroyed and the contents are released - sebaceous glands
Muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Function?
Innervation?
- Quadracieps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis, vastus medials), sartorius, illiopsoas
- Function: knee extension and hip flexion
- Innervation: femoral nerve
List boundaries of the femoral triangle.
Inguinal ligament
Sartorius
Adductor longus
Muscles in the medial compartment?
Function?
Innervation?
- Pectineus, adductor brevis, longus and Magnus, gracilis
- Function: Adduction of the hip
- Innervation: obturator nerve
Which muscle in the gluteal region extends the hip?
gluteus maximus (inferior gluteal nerve)
What are hip abductors in the gluteal area?
Innervation?
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Tensor Fascia Lata
- Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
What is the function of the piriformis?
- Lateral rotation of the hip
- innervated by S1,S2
Which nerve is damage is Trendelenburg sign is positive?
Superior gluteal nerve (affecting the abductor muscles in the gluteal area)
What is the significance of the piriformis?
- divides the gluteal region into two parts, superior and inferior. so you have superior gluteal nerve/artery/vein and inferior
- Used to identify sciatic nerve which enters the gluteal region directly under the piriformis
Muscles in the first layer of the plantar foot?
- Abductor hallucis (Medial plantar nerve)
- Flexor digitorum brevis (medial plantar nerve)
- Abductor digiti minimi (Lateral Plantar Nerve)
Second Layer of the plantar foot?
- Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
- Quadratus Plantae (Lateral plantar nerve) (assists in flexion of the 4 lateral digits as it is attached to the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
What nerve injury may result from the anterior dislocation of the hip?
Obturator nerve injury
Name the condition where the patient may experience burning pain and numbness in their outer thigh. state the affected nerve.
- Meralgia paresthetica
- Lateral Cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Which nerve damage will cause foot drop?
common or deep fibular nerve
What muscles constitute the hamstrings? State nerves.
- Bicep Femoris
Short head: Common fibular portion of Sciatic Nerve
Long Head: the tibial portion of sciatic nerve - Semi-tendinosis: Tibial portion of sciatic
- Semimembranosus: tibial portion of sciatic
Name muscles in the third layer of the plantar foot.
- Flexor digit minimi brevis (lateral plantar nerve)
- Adductor hallucis (Lateral plantar nerve)
- Flexor hallucis brevis (Medial plantar nerve)
Names muscles in the 4th layer of the foot.
Plantar Interossei (Lateral Plantar Nerve)
What may damage the sciatic nerve?
- Intervertebral Prolapsed disc
- Dislocation of Hip Joint
List rotator cuff muscles.
S.I.T.S
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Teres Minor
- Scapularis
What sort of fracture affects the radial nerve?
What is a consequence of radial nerve injury?
- Mid-shaft humeral fracture
- Wrist Drop
What sort of fracture affects the median?
What is a consequence of median nerve injury?
- Supracondylar Fracture
- Hand of benediction
What fracture may affect the axillary nerve?
What might be a consequence of this injury?
- Regimental patch paresthesia
A) What are the two muscles that flex the fingers of the hands?
B) What nerve innervates these muscles?
A) Flexor digitorium superficialis and Flexor digitorum profundus
B) Median nerve
