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Biology > General Revision > Flashcards

General Revision Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does the eye focus on near objects? How does it adjust to distant objects?

A

To look at near objects, the ciliary muscles contract which slackens the suspensory ligaments - this increases the curvature of the lens. This means that the light is refracted more. To look at distant objects, the ciliary muscles relax - reducing the curvature of the lens and reducing the amount that light is refracted.

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2
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The sclera is the tough outer layer of the eye, in between the socket and the eye.

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3
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The cornea is the layer between the conjunctiva and the pupil. It refracts light onto the lens and prevents us damage to the eyes.

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4
Q

What is the retina?

A

The retina is the area at the back of the eye where photo receptors are.

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5
Q

What is the iris?

A

The iris is the part of the eye that controls the diameter of the pupil.

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6
Q

What are the radial muscles?

A

The radial muscles control the size of the pupil - by increasing and decreasing the size of the iris.

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7
Q

What happens to the eye when it adapts to a bright light?

A

The radial muscles relax - thus allowing the iris to grow (meaning that the the pupils is smaller and lets less light in…)

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8
Q

How does one test for the presence of lipids in a food sample.

A

Add the sample to a test tube, add ethanol, shake and if there is an emulsion lipids are present.

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9
Q

What is a protoctist?

A

A protoctist is any uni cellular organism that is not a fungi.

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10
Q

What are multi-cellular fungi made up of?

A

They are normally made up of thread-like structures named hyphae.

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11
Q

Give an example of a disease caused by a protoctist and the name of the protoctist.

A

Malaria - which is caused by the protoctist ‘plasmodium’

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12
Q

Which of bacteria, fungi and viruses have cell walls?

A

Bacteria and fungi have cell walls

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13
Q

Describe a reflex arc for responding to touching a hot object.

A

A temperature receptor [1] registers the heat. This sends an impulse through the sensory neurone [1] to the spinal cord [1]. The brain then sends a response. A relay neurone [1] then passes this to the motor neurone[1], it then goes to the effector[1], which contracts [1] moving the finger away from the heat.

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14
Q

Give three reasons why viruses aren’t considered living.

A

They cannot reproduce without a host.
They cannot move.
They cannot grow.

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15
Q

How do bacteria store their DNA

A

Bacteria store their DNA in plasmids - not in the nucleus

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16
Q

How are villi adapted to absorb glucose.

A

Villi have high surface areas, due to the micro villi. The microvilli are connected to capillaries so that the glucose can be moved away and the concentration gradient remains favorable - so that diffusion happens. The microvilli are one cell thick - so glucose can diffuse across.

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17
Q

What colour does a negative result for glucose give with Benedict’s solution test?

A

Blue

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18
Q

How does one test for protein?

A

Add biuret’s solution to the sample and if it is present the sample will turn purple.

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19
Q

Give an example of a Fungi

A

Mucor

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20
Q

What does CORMMSS stand for?

A

C- Changing
O- what organism
R - repeat
M1- measure dependent variable
M2- Timescale for DV
S1 What is kept the same
S2 What is kept the same

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21
Q

What should be in a diagram of a phagocyte?

A

The cell membrane, the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
All three should be labeled.

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22
Q

Look at leaf diagram in photo

A
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23
Q

Look at diagram of respiratory system

A
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24
Q

What colour does Hydrogen-Carbonate indicator turn in high levels of Co2.

A

In high levels it turns orange, in normal levels it turns yellow, in low levels it turns purple

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25
Q

Which cells contain chlorophyll in plants?

A

Chloroplasts

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26
Q

Which parts of the body is faeces stored in and expelled from?

A

Faeces is stored in the rectum and expelled from the anus.

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27
Q

What is egestion? How does it differ from excretion?

A

Egestion=defecation
Egestion expels faeces instead of a metabolic waste product (e.g co2 or urea)
Egestion takes place at the anus not in the lungs/skin/kidney

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28
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll layer adapted for Photosynthesis?

A

Spongy mesophyll cells are covered by a thin layer of water, which gases dissolve into. When the plant is photosynthesising, this allows co2 to diffuse into cells and oxygen to diffuse out.

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29
Q

What is the bottom mesophyll layer called?

A

The spongy mesophyll layer.

30
Q

What is a community?

A

Different groups of species living in the same place or habitat.

31
Q

What does vitamin A do?

A

It is used by the body to make the photoreceptors in the retina.

32
Q

How is yeast used to make bread?

A

Yeast is added to the bread mixture.
It then respires anaerobically, which releases carbon dioxide. This causes the bread to expand.

33
Q

Describe the process of breathing in.

A

First, the Intercostal muscles and the diaphragm contract - the diaphragm pushes out to be flat. This means that the volume of the thorax increases. This decreases the pressure, drawing air in.

34
Q

Describe the process of breathing out

A

The intercostal muscles and the diaphragm relax - the diaphragm moves inwards.The thorax volume then decreases. Air is forced out.

35
Q

How does smoking increase is one’s chance of chest infections.

A

The tar in cigarettes damages the cilia - this means that they prevent less dust and bacteria from being inhaled into the lungs.

36
Q

What is the CNS comprised of and what is its purpose?

A

The CNS is comprised of the Brain and the Spinal cord. It coordinates the response to a stimulus.

37
Q

What is the composition of the CNS and what is its purpose?

A

It is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. It coordinates the response to stimuli.

38
Q

What is the function of dietary fibre?

A

It provides bulk to the food - ensuring that peristalsis can take place.

39
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Lipase is produced in the pancreas and the small intestine.

40
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Lipase is produced in the small intestine.

41
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Amylase is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas.

42
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Amylase is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas.

43
Q

What converts Ammonium ions into Nitrites? What is the process called?

A

Nitrifying bacteria, nitrification

44
Q

What process converts nitrogen in dead animals into ammonium?
Which organisms do this?

A

Ammonification - which is performed by nitrogen fixing bacteria

45
Q

Describe the process of blood clotting.

A

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets clump together to plug the damage area. They release chemicals that convert soluble fibrinogen molecules into insoluble fibrin - which forms a mesh that holds the platelets together. This forms a scab.

46
Q

What does the Plasma transport around the body? (6 answers)

A

The plasma transports blood cells, food products, carbon dioxide (not oxygen as that is carried by rbcs) , Urea, hormones and heat energy.

47
Q

How does the body destroy pathogens that have already recently infected the body.

A

Memory cells produce antibodies - specifically for one pathogen type. The antibodies mark out the pathogen for destruction by phagocytes.

48
Q

Look at nephron diagram in photos.

A
49
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron? What process is used?

A

Glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule using active transport.

50
Q

Where is water reabsorbed in the nephron? What process is used?

A

Water is reabsorbed in the collecting duct using osmosis.

51
Q

What is a eukaryote? What is a prokaryote?

A

A eukaryote is a cell with a nucleus.
A prokaryote is a cell without a nucleus.

52
Q

Describe the Sudan (iii) test.

A

Add equal amounts of food and water to a test tube. Add Sudan (iii) solution dropwise. If a red-stained layer forms at the surface of the water the food contains lipids.

53
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine?

A

It absorbs water and vitamins.

54
Q

What colour does hydrogen carbonate indicator go in high concentrations of co2?

A

Yellow

55
Q

What colour is hydrogen carbonate indicator in normal levels of co2?

A

Orange

56
Q

What colour is hydrogen carbonate indicator in low levels of co2?

A

Purple

57
Q

What are the purposes of the pleural membranes?

A

They are thin layers between the lungs and the plural cavity which reduce friction when breathing. Pleural fluid lubricates them.

58
Q

Describe root hairs.

A

The cells on plant roots grow into long ‘hairs’ which stick into the soul. Each branch of a root will be covered in millions of these hairs. This gives a bigger surface area for absorbing water from the soil.

59
Q

Where is glucose reabsorbed

A

The proximal convoluted tubule.

60
Q

Describe the process of ultrafiltration

A

Blood from the renal artery flows through the glomerulus at a high pressure. This pressure squeezes water, urea, ions and glucose out of the blood into the Bowman’s capsule.

61
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

The glomerulus is the bundle of capillaries at the start of a nephron which filters the blood entering the nephron.

62
Q

Where are FSH and LH produced and released?

A

FSH and LH are produced and released by the the Pituitary gland.

63
Q

What does FSH do?
What does it stand for?

A

FSH (or follicle stimulating hormone) causes an egg to mature in the ovary.
It also causes the ovaries to produce oestrogen.

64
Q

What does LH do?
What does it stand for?

A

LH (or luteinising hormone) stimulates the release of an egg. It’s levels remain constant (apart for a sudden spike just before the egg is released) It also stimulates the release of Progesterone.

65
Q

Why are farmed fish kept in a cage? (Give three reasons)

A
  1. It protects them from inter specific predation
  2. It prevents them from using much energy swimming around.
  3. They cannot escape.
66
Q

What type of molecule is an enzyme?

A

It is a protein.

67
Q

What is the process of denitrification?

A

Denitrification is the conversion of nitrates in soil to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria.

68
Q

What is the process of denitrification?

A

Denitrification is the conversion of nitrates in soil to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria.

69
Q

What is the process of denitrification?

A

Denitrification is the conversion of nitrates in soil to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria.

70
Q

Describe three negative impacts of smoking.

A
  1. Smoking destroys cilia, thus dust and bacteria are inhaled into the lungs more often. This leads to mucus build up and bacterial infections.
  2. It damages the surface area of alveoli and narrows airways.
  3. It contains mutagens so can cause lung cancer.
71
Q

Describe three negative impacts of smoking.

A
  1. Smoking destroys cilia, thus dust and bacteria are inhaled into the lungs more often. This leads to mucus build up and bacterial infections.
  2. It damages the surface area of alveoli and narrows airways.
  3. It contains mutagens so can cause lung cancer.

Biology (4 decks)

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