General Review Flashcards
changes that occur in periductal/smokers mastitis
cuboidal epithelium of duct –> squamous –> overgrowth –> blockage
(lactational = d/t tissue damage –> S. aureus infection)
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) pattern on histology
(“in situ = hasn’t left”)
- cookie cutter pattern
- cribriform
- Calcifications (“DCIS has Dem CalcificationS”)
(hasn’t invaded the basement membrane)
Comedo DCIS is a subtype of DCIS. What are the histologic findings?
- Central necrosis
- Large tumor cells
- Pleomorphic nuclei
lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) appearance on histology
- “discohesive growth”
- Loose intercellular connections d/t loss of adhesion protein E-cadherin)
(invasive lobular carcinoma = single file cells)
histology: invasive ductal carcinoma
(Ductal Carcinoma In Situ that has broken through the basement mambrane)
duct-like structures in desmoplastic stroma
peau d’orange a/w
inflammatroy carcinoma
(subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma)
invasive lobular carinoma on histology
single file
(lack of e-cadherin adhesion protein expression; similar to LCIS)
(histology of lobular carcinoma in situ: “discohesive growth”)
HER-2 cells have … recptor on the surface
tyrosine kinase
- Embryonic Genes
- Sonic Hedgehog
- FGF
- Wnt-7a
- Homeobox (Hox) genes
2 key role of sonic hedgehog gene
- CNS development: cleavage or prosencephalon
- Limb development in the anterior-posterior plane
(FGF gene is responsible for the linear growth of the limbs)
mutation to the sonic hedgehog gene can cause
holoprosencephaly: failure of prosencephalon cleavage
(can also have cyclopia)
FGF gene is responsible for … (embryonic development)
linear growth of the limbs (proximal-distal axis), the apical ectodermal ridge
Wnt genes are regulators of the … (2) in embryonic development?
dorsal-ventral axis
anteroposterior axis
dorsal development of the limbs relies on which gene?
Wnt-7a (“dorsalizes” limbs)
(absence of the Wnt-7a gene is what make the ventral/flexors of the limbs)
homeobox (HOX) genes code for transcription factors that regulate… development
anterior-posterior limb axis (sonic hedgehog gene also influences this with AER)
(mutation = polydactylyl or syndactylyl)
Cystic swelling of the chorionic villi and proliferation of trophoblastic tissue
Hyatidiform mole/molar pregnancy
(diffuse proliferation = complete; minimal proliferation = partial)
__________(partial/complete) molar pregnancies have genotypes of 69, XXY or XYY; ___________(partial/complete) molar pregnancies have genotypes of 46, XX or XY.
- Partial (has fetal parts)
- complete (has NO fetal parts)
both increase the risk of choriocarcinoma
Hydatidiform moles are a type of
gestational trophoblastic disease, resulting in trophoblastic overgrowth.
(B-hCG must be monitored for progresion of chroiocarcinoma, even after d&c)
2 imaging findings of complete hyatid mole
“Honeycombed” uterus or “clusters of grapes” (A) , “snowstorm” (B) on ultrasound
Rare malignancy of trophoblastic tissue (cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts), without chorionic villi present
choriocarinoma (usu follows hyatidaform mole or abortion)
(presents w/abnormal uterine bleeding, dyspnea & hemoptysis)
fastest way to dx HELLP syndrome
serial deep tendon reflex exams
(hypermagnesemia –> loss of DTRs)
cause of death in HELLP syndrome?
Can lead to hepatic subcapsular hematomas (rupture–>severe hypotension) and DIC (due to release of tissue factor from injured placenta).
Why are pregnant patients prone to gallstone formation?
- estrogen = increases cholesterol secretion
- progesterone = decreases bile acid secretion & slows GB emptying –> stasis
- bile becomes super saturated w/cholesterole
