General Respiratory Flashcards
Describe the pleura structure
Parietal pleura lines each hemi-thorax
Visceral pleura envelopes the lungs and extends into the oblique and horizontal fissures
Pleura has costodiaphragmatic recess where the pleura extends towards the diaphragm, leaving a space for the lungs to expand into
What are the functions of the pleural fluid
Reduces friction and provides surface tension
What causes the pleura to stay pushed up against the lungs and thoracic wall
Negative pressure/vaccum
What may the pleural cavity fill with
Pneumothorax - air
Haemorthorax - blood
Empyema - pus
Pleural effusion - water transudate or exudate
What are the two portions of the respiratory tract
Conducting portion
Respiratory portion
What forms the conducting portion
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
What forms the respiratory portion
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
What forms the upper respiratory tract
Nose
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
What is type of epithelium is respiratory epithelium
Psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Where do the phrenic and vagus nerves lie in relation to the hilum
Phrenic nerve lies anterior to the hilum on fibrous pericardium
Vagus nerve passes posterior to the hium
What does the phrenic nerve innervate and why can pain from the pleura be felt at the shoulder tip area
Phrenic nerve supplies parietal/diaphragmatic pleura
Pain due to inflammation of parietal pleura can be felt at the shoulder tip area because the somatic sensory nerves from these regions enter the spinal cord at the same level as the phrenic nerve
What are the markers of addiction
Use despite knowledge of harmful consequences
Cravings despite abstinence
Failure of attempts to stop
Withdrawal symptoms during abstinence
Describe how nicotine works
Nicotine binds to nACh receptors stimulating dopamine release resulting in satisfaction associated with smoking
Following chronic nicotinic exposure, ACh enters upregulated state where there is increased affinity and functional sensitivity to agonist -> drop in nicotine levels lead to craving and withdrawal
