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Chemistry > General Questions - Alkanes and Alkenes > Flashcards

General Questions - Alkanes and Alkenes Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of reaction makes a di-ol?

A

Oxidation

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2
Q

What are free radicals?

A

Species with an unpaired electron

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3
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Organic compounds with the same functional group and general formula

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4
Q

What do curly arrows show in a mechanism diagram?

A

Curly show arrows show where a pair of electrons go during a reaction when bonds are made or broken

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5
Q

Mechanism: … of halogens in alkanes, to make halogenoalkanes

A

Radical substitution

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6
Q

Mechanism: … of halogens and hydrogen halides to alkenes to make halogenoalkanes

A

Electrophilic addition

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7
Q

Mechanism: … of primary halogenoalkanes with aqueous potassium hydroxide to make alcohols

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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8
Q

Mechanism: … of primary halogenoalkanes with ammonia to make amines

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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9
Q

Do nucleophiles give or take pairs of electrons?

A

Nucleophiles are electron pair donors

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10
Q

Do electrophiles give or take pairs of electrons?

A

Electrophiles are electron pair acceptors

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11
Q

What is the charge of a nucleophile?

A

Negative

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12
Q

What is the charge of an electrophile?

A

Positive

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13
Q

Which places are nucleophiles attracted to and why?

A

Nucleophiles are attracted to places that are electron poor because they are electron rich.

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14
Q

Which places are electrophiles attracted to and why?

A

Electrophiles are attracted to places that are electron rich because they are electron poor.

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15
Q

Which type of molecules are attached by nucleophiles?

A

Molecules with polar bonds

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16
Q

What is it called when nucleophiles are attracted to the Cδ+ atom in a polar carbon-halogen bond?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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17
Q

In a molecule with a polar bond, the Hδ acts as a what and is strongly attracted to what?

A

The Hδ acts as an electrophile and is strongly attracted to the C=C double bond

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18
Q

Radicals will react to molecules with what charge: positive, negative or neutral?

A

Radicals will react with anything positive, negative or neutral as they are very, very reactive.

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19
Q

What are the relationships between the chemical and physical properties of chain isomers?

A

They have:
• similar chemical properties
• different physical properties

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20
Q

What are the relationships between the chemical and physical properties of positional isomers?

A

They have:
• different physical properties
• (maybe) different chemical properties

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21
Q

What are the relationships between the chemical and physical properties of functional isomers?

A

They have:
• very different physical properties
• very different chemical properties

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22
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Saturated

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23
Q

Give the general formula for an alkane.

A

Cn H2n+2

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24
Q

What is bond fission?

A

The breaking of a covalent bond

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25
Q

How do bonds break in heterolytic fission?

A

The bond breaks unevenly with one of the bonded atoms

• two different substances can be formed

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26
Q

How do bonds break in homolytic fission?

A

Bonds break evenly
• each bonding atom receives one electron from bonded pair
• two electrically uncharged ‘radicals’ are formed

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27
Q

How are radicals shown in mechanisms?

A

The have a big dot next to the molecular formula

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28
Q

What are halogens?

A

Halogens are the highly reactive non-metals of group 7

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29
Q

Halogens reacts with what substance in photochemical reactions?

A

Alkanes

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30
Q

What are photochemical reactions?

A

Reactions started by light - requires ultraviolet light

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31
Q

What are the three stages of the reaction of halogens with alkanes to form halogenoalkanes?

A

Initiation, propitiation and termination

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32
Q

What is photodissociation?

A

When sunlight provides enough energy to break a bond.

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33
Q

Reaction of halogens with alkanes to form halogenoalkanes:

What type of fission occurs during initiation?

A

Homolytic fission - bond splits equally and each atom gets to keep one electron

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34
Q

Reaction of halogens with alkanes to form halogenoalkanes:

What words can be used to describe the atom after imitation has occurred?

A
  • Highly reactive

* Radical

35
Q

Reaction of halogens with alkanes to form halogenoalkanes: give a summary of what events occur during propagation?

A

Radicals are used up and created in a chain reaction

36
Q

Reaction of halogens with alkanes to form halogenoalkanes: what happens to the radicals during termination?

A

The radicals are destroyed as they react together to form a stable molecule

37
Q

What do two free radicals make if they join together?

A

They make a stable molecule

38
Q

Reaction of halogens with alkanes to form halogenoalkanes: what is the best way to avoid producing a mixture of products?

A

Using an excess of methane

39
Q

When do covalent bonds form?

A

Covalent bonds form when:
• atomic orbitals (each containing a single electron) overlap
• electrons become shared

40
Q

Why do covalent bonds form?

A

The nuclei of the atoms are attracted by electrostatic attraction to the bonding electrons

41
Q

What type of bonds are single covalent bonds in organic molecules?

A

Sigma bonds

42
Q

High electron density between nuclei means what?

A

Strong electrostatic attraction between nuclei and shared pair of electrons

43
Q

Do sigma bonds have a high or low bond enthalpy?

A

High

44
Q

What bonds is a double made up of?

A

A sigma bond and a pi bond

45
Q

When does a pi bond form?

A

When two lobes of two orbitals overlap sideways

46
Q

What are the two parts to a pi bond?

A
  • the part ‘above’ the molecular axis

* the part ‘below’ the molecular axis

47
Q

Do pi bonds have a high or low bond enthalpy?

A

Low

48
Q

Adding hydrogen halides to unsymmetrical alkenes form how many products?

A

Two

49
Q

Are carbocations with more alkyl groups, more or less stable?

A

More stable

50
Q

What are the two products of the reaction of hydrogen bromide and propene?

A
  • 2-bromopropane

* 1-bromopropane

51
Q

What is Markownikoff’s rule?

A

The major product from the addition of a hydrogen halide to an unsymmetrical alkene is the one where hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached.

52
Q

What does the reaction of ethene to hydrogen in a gas addition need?

A
  • a temperature of 150°c

* a nickel catalyst

53
Q

What can increase the melting point in the process of making margarine?

A

Removing double bonds

54
Q

Halogens react with alkenes to form what in what type of reaction?

A

Dihalogenoalkanes through electrophilic addition

55
Q

When you shake an alkene with brown bromine water, what happens to the solution?

A

The solution decolourises

56
Q

What are alkenes oxidised by?

A

Potassium manganate (VII)

57
Q

What are halogenoalkanes?

A

Alkanes with halogen atoms in place of a hydrogen atom is

58
Q

What is the structure of a primary halogenoalkane?

A

A primary halogenoalkane has:
• two hydrogen atoms
• one alkyl group

59
Q

What is the structure of a secondary halogenoalkane?

A

A secondary halogenoalkane has:
• one hydrogen atom
• two alkyl groups

60
Q

What is the structure of a tertiary halogenoalkane?

A

A tertiary halogenoalkane has:
• no hydrogen atoms
• three alkyl groups

61
Q

When hydrolysed, halogenoalkanes form what?

A

Alcohols

62
Q

What is the general formula for the alcohol homologous series?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

63
Q

An alcohol is primary, secondary or tertiary depending on what?

A

Depending on which carbon atom the -OH group is bonded to

64
Q

In which type of reaction do alcohols react to form halogenoalkanes?

A

Substitution

65
Q

The reaction between alcohols and hydrochloride acid is fastest if the acid is primary, secondary or tertiary?

A

Tertiary

66
Q

The reaction in which -OH can be swapped for bromine to make a bromoalkane requires what?

A

An acid catalyst

67
Q

You can make iodoalkanes using what?

A

Red phosphorus and iodine

68
Q

How can alcohols form alkenes?

A

Alcohols can be dehydrated by eliminating water in an elimination reaction

69
Q

What is the simplest way to oxidise alcohols?

A

Burn them

70
Q

What are the products when you burn any alcohol with oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

71
Q

What can you use to mildly oxidise alcohols?

A

You can use oxidising agent acidified dichromate(VI).

72
Q

What are primary alcohols oxidised to?

A

Aldehydes then to carboxylic acid

73
Q

What are secondary alcohols oxidised to?

A

Secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones

74
Q

What are tertiary alcohols oxidised to?

A

Tertiary alcohols won’t be oxidised.

75
Q

What three things do aldehydes and ketones have in common?

A
  • They are both carbonyl compounds
  • They both have the functional group C=O
  • They both have the general formula: Cn H2n O
76
Q

What is the structure of an aldehyde?

A

Aldehydes have a hydrogen and one alkyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon atom

77
Q

What is the structure of a ketone?

A

Ketones have two alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon atom

78
Q

How can you test whether a compound is an aldehyde or a ketone?

A

You can use Bendict’s solution

79
Q

What does Benedict’s solution consist of?

A

Blue solution of complexed copper (II) ions dissolved in sodium carbonate

80
Q

What happens if Benedict’s solution is heated with an aldehyde?

A

Blue copper (II) ions are reduced to brick-red precipitate of copper (I) oxide

81
Q

What happens if Benedict’s solution is heated with an a ketone?

A

Nothing happens as ketones can’t be oxidised easily

82
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

A species attracted to negative charge/areas of high electron density

83
Q

Explain why the major product of the reaction of propene with hydrogen bromide is 2-bromoprane, rather than 1-bromopropane.

A
  • Secondary carbocation means that we have two alkyl groups feeding electron density to the carbocation
  • Two alkyl groups means that the 2-bromopropane is more stable
84
Q

Stats two necessary conditions used when cracking petroleum fractions.

A
  • Aluminium oxide catalyst

* High temperature

Chemistry (10 decks)

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