general questions Flashcards
difference between sensitivity and specificity
sensitivity is the probability of a patient having a positive result which the test exams for.
Specificity is the measurement of people that get a negative result for the condition being tested. (only patients with the condition show symptoms)
Order of clinical history
Site Quality Intensity Radiation/Referal Timing/daily pattern Neurological changes
Order of Clinical Examination
Asssess blood pressure Clinical examination - neruo/vascular Observation, functional regional screen Active ROM Passive ROM Joint play Restricted isometric contractions Palpation of musculoskeletal structure Orthopediac and musculoskeletal testing
Order of Neurological Examination
Observation Reflex Sensory testing Motor testing Coordination
What are red flags?
Signs or symptons that indicate the possible or probable presence of a serious medical conditino that can cause irrevesible disability or untimely death unless managed properly
Examples of red flags.
Fever/night sweats Change in vision, speach or hearing Loss of appetite Unxplained weight loss Constant unrermmiting pain. Constant fatigue On drugs or alcohol
What are the barriers?
Physiological barrier - both active and passive ROM
Elastic- passive ROM, joint play
Anatomical - theoretical limit before tissue damage occurs.
What does TART stand for?
Texture
Assympatry
Range of Motion
Tenderness
Receptors in the skin.
Mechanoreceptors (sense pressure)
e.g. Meissner’s corpuscle, Merkel’s disk, Pancinian corpusle, Ruffini’s endings
Proprioception (ability to sense position in space)
e.g. muscle spindle, golgi tendon organ
Nociceptors (sense potential danger)
e.g free nerve endings
Thermoreceptors (temperature)
e.g. free nerve endings, hypothalmic thermostat
Palpating the skin
Temperature
Use the dorsal (back) surface of the hand
Look for an abnormal temperature gradient
Skin thickness
Gentle roll skin between fingers
Thinness/thickness can be indicator of general health and certain conditions
Skin Drag
Lightly drag finger pads or skin
Dry/moist skin?
Vitality
Gentle pinch skin and look for recoil
Age? Hydration?
Roughness/Smoothness
Assess skin for feel, small circles with finger pads
Dry/moist skin? Trauma?
Skin Mobility
Gentle move the skin on top of the superficial tissues
Trauma, scars, growths?
What does FAM mean?
Fear avoidance movements
Assessing the restricted movemet.
Strong and painless: nothing is wrong with the contractile structures.
Strong and painful: This is common finding designates a minor lesion of some part of the muscle, tendon or its attachment.
Weak and painless: This could be attribuated to complete rupture of relevant muscle or tendon, but much more often to a malfunction of the nervous system.
Weak and very painful: serious trouble is present, for example a fracture. A patient’s understandable reluctance to replicate severe pain may be responsable for apparent weakness.
What are orthopedic tests
a biomechanical stress test, a manoeuver designed to place functional stress on isolated tissue structures that are though to be responsable for the patients pain or dysfunction.
what are contraindications
is a circumstance, condition, symptom or factor that increase the risk associated with a medical procedure, drug or treatment.
What are absolute contraindication
are those which are inadvisable without exception or qualification. They are either permanently recommened against
