general questions Flashcards
porifera cell type and function
chanocyte cell; has flagella and brings water into organism
name and position of holes in porifera
ostia (small holes to bring in water) and osculum (large pore at top which sperm and water leave via)
reproduction of porifera
Hemaphrodites (self fertilisation)
budding
feeding in porifera
feeding using ostia and osculum. some are carnivores
most porifera are marine, name a freshwater one
spongilla
discuss poriferas 3 classes types of spicules
demospongia; silica spicules
calcerea; calcium carbonate spicules
hexactinellida; 6 rayed silica spicules
which class of porifera contains 90% of phylum
demospongia
what do ctenophores look like
transparent and colourless
types of cell present in ctenophores and function
ctenocyte; has rows of cilia used to swim
ctenophores and cnideria are diploblastic, what is present between ectotherm and endotherm layers
acellular gelatinous mesogloea
reproduction means in ctenophores
hemaphrodites
discuss type of cell found on cnideria, its function and how it functions
cnidocyte/nematocyte; stinging cell used to catch prey. when triggered a nemacyst uncoils and shoots out of a cupsule
discuss cnideria life cycle
medusa which is motile and reproduces sexually by shedding gametes which fuse to form polyp
polyp is sessile and reproduces asexually by budding. produce medusa.
4 types of cnideria
- scyphozoa; cub shaped jellyyfish with a large medusa stage
- cubozoa; squared shaped jellyfish which can be venomous and may have eyes
- anthozoa; flower shaped; coral and sea anemones; no medusa stage just polyps that release gametes with form planulae.
- hydrozoa; fire corals; those that form colonies with a shared gastrovascular cavity. different polyps have different functions
name of anthozoa larvae
planulae
diffence between sea anemones and coral
sea anemones can crawl swim and burrow where are coral are sessile as adultas and form symbiotic relationships with algae.
corals have calcium carbonate skeleton
discuss differences between prtotostomes and deuterostomes
protostomes berform spiral cleavage, blastopore (first opening) becomes mouth, coelom develops from splits in mesoderm
deuterostomes perform radial cleavage, blastopore becomes anus, and coelom develops from pockets of mesoderm
coelomates are found in both protostomes and deuterostomes, but which of the two has pseudocoelomates
protostomes
discuss different types of lophotrochozoan
lophophorates; movable horseshoes shaped feeding structure with cilia called a lophophore. bryozoa and brachiopods
trochozoan; trophophore larvae with a band/wheel of cilia around their middle; nemertea, annelida and mollusca.
discuss which 2 phylums in lophotrochozoa dont fall into lophophorates or trochozoans
rotifera and platyhelminthes
discuss bryozoa reproduction
sexually reproduce by releasing gametes into water, internal fertilisation occours before embryo released as larva (plural larvae)
discuss formation of bryozoa
form their own house which the individual zooid can be withdrawn into
discuss the pharynx of rotifers
called a mastax; grinds food up
discuss reproduction in rotifers
most species have males and females, some have only females that reproduce parthenogenetically (without fertilisation); genetic diversity maintained by horizontal transfer (pick up genes from environment)
discuss which phylums have eutely
rotifera
tardigrada
discuss general anatomy of platyhelminthes; type of coelom organ presence digestive tract proporties excretory organs (which cell involved)
aceolomates
no oxygen transport organs; they are thin enough for oxygen to diffuse through skin
body primarily filled with sex organs
digestive tract has one opening
excretory organs called protonephridia consisting of flame cells and cilia/pore
discuss clitellums
a thickened glandular unsegmented part of a annelid which has tests at the front and an ovum at the back (those who possess it are hemaphrodites)
discuss different annelid segment numbers
polychaete’ 4 bundles of segments/chaete
hirudinea;32 internal segments (looks like 102 from outside)
discuss feeding differences between hirudinea and polychaete
hirudinea have a sucker at each end (3 jaws, each with 100 teeth) used to feed on vertebrate blood by secretion of anti coagulant and anaesthetic, whereas polychaete have feathery tenticles used to filter prey
what are parapodia
outgrowths on a polychaete which are used for gas exchange/movement and contain chaete
discuss nemertea feeding
its proboscis can every and its sharp parts pierce prey and inject toxins. this occours due to hydrostatic pressure from the rhynchocoel (fluid filled cavity)
discuss movement of brachiopoda
sessile. attahced to sediment/ rock by a stalk
discuss the 3 part body plan all molluscs have
- foot; ventral muscular sturcture used to move
- visceral mass (internal organs)
- mantle; folded tissue covered visceral mass. it has a cavity containing ctenidia (gills used for gas exchange) and it secretes a shell
discuss feeding by molluscs
all apart from bivalvia use radula. bivalvia uses ctenidia gills in mantle cavity to filter food and some also have a siphon to vacuum sand/mud. cephalopod radula shaped like a beak
how does a cephalopod move
its tentacles (muscular foot) and mantle cavity are arranged for jet propulsion
discuss the type of cell possessed by cephalopod
chromatophore; a cell that is capable of colour change to camouflage the organism possessing it. also used for pattern displays
chtions are also known as …. they have … overlapping shells and many ….. . They use their radula to scrape …. off rocks (they are herbivores)
polyplacophora 8 ctenidia radula algae
how many times to nemertoda moult, meaning they have how many stages
4 moults, 5 stages
why are nemertoda unique
muscle cells send processes into nervous system ro make connections that than the other way around
discuss acoelomates and pseudocoelomate examples
platyhelminthes (acoelomate)
nemertoda (pseudocoelomate)
discuss nemertode feeding
3 lips with a pharynx that pump food into gut before leaving sub temrinal anus (no stomach). stylet alos used to pierce organisms and gain nutrients
chemoreceptor cells help with movement towords food
discuss 3 different species of nemertode
ascaris spp; infects 25% of humans. complicated life cycle
caenorhabitis elegans; model organism for sleep, neuroscience etc
onchocerca volvulus; river blindness
what body part secretes a cuticle and what is the process by which it is shed
epidermis, ecdysis
when did ecdysozoa develop
cambrian period (500 mya)
discuss hydrostatic skeletons
fluid filled cavity sorrounded by muscles.
possessed by annelids, other worms, molluiscs, arthropods, hemichordates. in molluscs and arthropods the haemocoel acts as the hydrostatic skeleton (cavity filled with blood)
how do onychophora feed
hunt together/seperately and squirt paralysing slime at prey
the name of holes to outside used to deliver oxygen to tissues
spiracles
tardigrada segment number
4 (3 body and 1 tail)
discuss examples of cryptobiotic animals
tardigrada
discuss tardigrada reproduction
female moults and lays eggs in moult for male to fertilise
which oercentage of species are arthropod
83%
discuss common features of arthropoda
many pairs of jointed legs with different functions
limbs that end with cheliped (claws/pincers/nippers)
eye system of both simple and compound eyes
hard chitin exoskeleton
other name for simple eye
ocelli / ocellus (plural)
which limb type is possessed by crustaceans and which limbs are present
which type of limb is possessed by chelicerates and which limbs are present
biramous.
2 pairs of antennaes
3 pairs of mouth appendages
biramous
1 pair of chelicerae to pierce prey
one pair of pedipalps; touch organ
4 pairs of walking legs on cephalothorax
where ar crustacean organs contained
cephalothorax
how many body segments do malacostraca have
20 or 21
what equitment is used to catch scampi and what is its latin binomial name
trawl (net) and creel (cage)
nephrops norvegicus
which animal has one eye in the middle of its head
cocepod ( a maxillapoda)
species number for chelicerate
60,000
discuss whats present in chelicerate abdomen
book lungs for breathing OR
tracheae
name a body part unique to scorpions
pectines
the name of the order mites and ticks belong
acarina
the class merostomata have a large ventral
carpace
myriaooda limbs are….. and they move in a … rhythm
uniramous
metachronal
why is hexapoda heart rate slow
blood not used for oxygen delivery (spiracles and trachaea used)
discuss hexapoda segments and limbs
3 thorax segments and 12 abdomen segments. no antannae, 3 pairs of eating appendages 3 pairs of uniramous legs, and 2 pairs of wings on 2nd and third segment
compare homometabolous and hemimetabolous life histories
homo; egg, larva, pupa, imago; butterfly
hemi; egg, nympth, imago; dragonfly
discuss different insect flight muscles
direct flight muscles; attached to wing base
indirect flight muscles; deform throax
discuss tubules on insects and function
malpighian tubules for excretion of nitrogenous waste
the name of the sieve covering the opening to the water vascular system
madreporite
what type of plates are present in echinoderm internal skeleton
calcareous
how do echinoderms feed
aristotles lantern
hemichordate stiffening cord name
stomatochord
3 part body plan of hemichordates
- proboscis; body part used to feed/dick. covered in sticky mucus to trap prey
- collar; nouth with pharynx which has pharyngeal slits openings to it for gas exchange
- trunk
what do chordates use as a a cellular energy stre
creatine phosphate
discuss how lancelets (cephalochordates) feed
filter feeding using pharyngeal slits by pishing body into soft sand
endostyle is a ciliated groove which transports food to the oesophagus
which animals have an endostyle
urochordates and hemichordates
what is found in high concentration in urochordates
lithium and vanadium
other name for hemichordates
acorn worms
how many chordate species are there and which class has 50% of them
62,000
osteichthyes
discuss the tissue that is a flexible rigid connective tissue found at the end of bones at joints
cartilage
what is cartilage made of
collagen and elastin
which mineral make sup bone and which elements does that mineral contain
hydroxyapatite, containg calcium and phosphorus
name an early jawed organsim
placoderm
discuss the differences beteen hagfish and lampreys
hagfish are arine animals with no vertebrae and partial cranium, have teeth on toungue, are nearly blind, change sex and have no larva
lampreys are freshwater animals with a complete cranium, true vertebrae, have larva that metamorphose
what word is used to describe the fin of chondrichthyes. which word is used fro osteichthyes
heteroceral; top part different to bottom part
homoceral
how many gills do chondrichthyes have
5-7 pairs
discuss heart chamber numbers
chondrichthyes and osteichthyes; 2
amphibians;3
reptiles; 3 but nearly 4
aves/mammals:4
how do osteichthyes differ from chondrichthyes in terms of gills, scales and swim bladded
5 pairs istead of 5-7. an operculum is present, smooth skinned scales and swim bladder present
what was the tetrapod to evolve
amphibians
what made the invasion of land possible
amnion membrane on embryo
describe the word used for tetrapod limbs
pentadactyl
what was the era of reptiles
mesozoic
discuss the name of holes in the skull present in synapsid and diapsid animals
temporal fenestrae
which country are tuatra found
new zealand
what are squamata scales made of
keratin
which order has sex deremined by temperature of egg during incubation.
crocodilia; males bornif kept above 30 degrees, females if below 30
when did dinosaurs become extinct
cretaceous
discuss different wings
pterosaur; elongated fourth digit
aves/archeopterx; 3 elonfgated digits
chiroptera; 5 elongated fingers
which bird has a good sense of smell and electro sensitive beak to detect worms
kiwi
what is Lystrosaurus
a possible reptile like early mammal
how many bones link the eardrum to the inner ear (cochlea)
3
the mammal cochlea is long due to
coiling
which part of the mammal brain is folded
cerebral cortex
the word used to describe development inside the womb
gestation
what do eutheria have that marsupials dont
placenta
what is the chiroptera membrane of skin covering the wing called
patagium
differences in echlocation of microchiroptera and megachiroptera
microchiroptera use toungue clicks, where as megachiroptera use the larynx (voice box) to make cries
differences in abundance of micro and megachiroptera
microchiroptera are found in tropical regions, where as microchiroptera are found in temperate regions
which region of the brain is reduced in primates
olfactory
differences between new world monkeys and old world monkey
new world monkeys have prehensile tails and are arboreal, where as old world monkeys are arboreal or terrestrial and dont have a prehensile tail
are butterflies and mosquitos homometabolous or hemimetabolous
homometabolous
