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general questions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

porifera cell type and function

A

chanocyte cell; has flagella and brings water into organism

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2
Q

name and position of holes in porifera

A

ostia (small holes to bring in water) and osculum (large pore at top which sperm and water leave via)

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3
Q

reproduction of porifera

A

Hemaphrodites (self fertilisation)

budding

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4
Q

feeding in porifera

A

feeding using ostia and osculum. some are carnivores

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5
Q

most porifera are marine, name a freshwater one

A

spongilla

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6
Q

discuss poriferas 3 classes types of spicules

A

demospongia; silica spicules
calcerea; calcium carbonate spicules
hexactinellida; 6 rayed silica spicules

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7
Q

which class of porifera contains 90% of phylum

A

demospongia

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8
Q

what do ctenophores look like

A

transparent and colourless

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9
Q

types of cell present in ctenophores and function

A

ctenocyte; has rows of cilia used to swim

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10
Q

ctenophores and cnideria are diploblastic, what is present between ectotherm and endotherm layers

A

acellular gelatinous mesogloea

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11
Q

reproduction means in ctenophores

A

hemaphrodites

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12
Q

discuss type of cell found on cnideria, its function and how it functions

A

cnidocyte/nematocyte; stinging cell used to catch prey. when triggered a nemacyst uncoils and shoots out of a cupsule

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13
Q

discuss cnideria life cycle

A

medusa which is motile and reproduces sexually by shedding gametes which fuse to form polyp
polyp is sessile and reproduces asexually by budding. produce medusa.

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14
Q

4 types of cnideria

A
  1. scyphozoa; cub shaped jellyyfish with a large medusa stage
  2. cubozoa; squared shaped jellyfish which can be venomous and may have eyes
  3. anthozoa; flower shaped; coral and sea anemones; no medusa stage just polyps that release gametes with form planulae.
  4. hydrozoa; fire corals; those that form colonies with a shared gastrovascular cavity. different polyps have different functions
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15
Q

name of anthozoa larvae

A

planulae

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16
Q

diffence between sea anemones and coral

A

sea anemones can crawl swim and burrow where are coral are sessile as adultas and form symbiotic relationships with algae.
corals have calcium carbonate skeleton

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17
Q

discuss differences between prtotostomes and deuterostomes

A

protostomes berform spiral cleavage, blastopore (first opening) becomes mouth, coelom develops from splits in mesoderm
deuterostomes perform radial cleavage, blastopore becomes anus, and coelom develops from pockets of mesoderm

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18
Q

coelomates are found in both protostomes and deuterostomes, but which of the two has pseudocoelomates

A

protostomes

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19
Q

discuss different types of lophotrochozoan

A

lophophorates; movable horseshoes shaped feeding structure with cilia called a lophophore. bryozoa and brachiopods
trochozoan; trophophore larvae with a band/wheel of cilia around their middle; nemertea, annelida and mollusca.

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20
Q

discuss which 2 phylums in lophotrochozoa dont fall into lophophorates or trochozoans

A

rotifera and platyhelminthes

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21
Q

discuss bryozoa reproduction

A

sexually reproduce by releasing gametes into water, internal fertilisation occours before embryo released as larva (plural larvae)

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22
Q

discuss formation of bryozoa

A

form their own house which the individual zooid can be withdrawn into

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23
Q

discuss the pharynx of rotifers

A

called a mastax; grinds food up

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24
Q

discuss reproduction in rotifers

A

most species have males and females, some have only females that reproduce parthenogenetically (without fertilisation); genetic diversity maintained by horizontal transfer (pick up genes from environment)

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25
Q

discuss which phylums have eutely

A

rotifera

tardigrada

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26
Q 
discuss general anatomy of platyhelminthes;
type of coelom
organ presence
digestive tract proporties
excretory organs (which cell involved)
A

aceolomates
no oxygen transport organs; they are thin enough for oxygen to diffuse through skin
body primarily filled with sex organs
digestive tract has one opening
excretory organs called protonephridia consisting of flame cells and cilia/pore

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27
Q

discuss clitellums

A

a thickened glandular unsegmented part of a annelid which has tests at the front and an ovum at the back (those who possess it are hemaphrodites)

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28
Q

discuss different annelid segment numbers

A

polychaete’ 4 bundles of segments/chaete

hirudinea;32 internal segments (looks like 102 from outside)

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29
Q

discuss feeding differences between hirudinea and polychaete

A

hirudinea have a sucker at each end (3 jaws, each with 100 teeth) used to feed on vertebrate blood by secretion of anti coagulant and anaesthetic, whereas polychaete have feathery tenticles used to filter prey

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30
Q

what are parapodia

A

outgrowths on a polychaete which are used for gas exchange/movement and contain chaete

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31
Q

discuss nemertea feeding

A

its proboscis can every and its sharp parts pierce prey and inject toxins. this occours due to hydrostatic pressure from the rhynchocoel (fluid filled cavity)

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32
Q

discuss movement of brachiopoda

A

sessile. attahced to sediment/ rock by a stalk

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33
Q

discuss the 3 part body plan all molluscs have

A
  1. foot; ventral muscular sturcture used to move
  2. visceral mass (internal organs)
  3. mantle; folded tissue covered visceral mass. it has a cavity containing ctenidia (gills used for gas exchange) and it secretes a shell
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34
Q

discuss feeding by molluscs

A

all apart from bivalvia use radula. bivalvia uses ctenidia gills in mantle cavity to filter food and some also have a siphon to vacuum sand/mud. cephalopod radula shaped like a beak

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35
Q

how does a cephalopod move

A

its tentacles (muscular foot) and mantle cavity are arranged for jet propulsion

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36
Q

discuss the type of cell possessed by cephalopod

A

chromatophore; a cell that is capable of colour change to camouflage the organism possessing it. also used for pattern displays

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37
Q

chtions are also known as …. they have … overlapping shells and many ….. . They use their radula to scrape …. off rocks (they are herbivores)

A 
polyplacophora
8
ctenidia
radula
algae
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38
Q

how many times to nemertoda moult, meaning they have how many stages

A

4 moults, 5 stages

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39
Q

why are nemertoda unique

A

muscle cells send processes into nervous system ro make connections that than the other way around

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40
Q

discuss acoelomates and pseudocoelomate examples

A

platyhelminthes (acoelomate)

nemertoda (pseudocoelomate)

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41
Q

discuss nemertode feeding

A

3 lips with a pharynx that pump food into gut before leaving sub temrinal anus (no stomach). stylet alos used to pierce organisms and gain nutrients
chemoreceptor cells help with movement towords food

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42
Q

discuss 3 different species of nemertode

A

ascaris spp; infects 25% of humans. complicated life cycle
caenorhabitis elegans; model organism for sleep, neuroscience etc
onchocerca volvulus; river blindness

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43
Q

what body part secretes a cuticle and what is the process by which it is shed

A

epidermis, ecdysis

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44
Q

when did ecdysozoa develop

A

cambrian period (500 mya)

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45
Q

discuss hydrostatic skeletons

A

fluid filled cavity sorrounded by muscles.
possessed by annelids, other worms, molluiscs, arthropods, hemichordates. in molluscs and arthropods the haemocoel acts as the hydrostatic skeleton (cavity filled with blood)

46
Q

how do onychophora feed

A

hunt together/seperately and squirt paralysing slime at prey

47
Q

the name of holes to outside used to deliver oxygen to tissues

A

spiracles

48
Q

tardigrada segment number

A

4 (3 body and 1 tail)

49
Q

discuss examples of cryptobiotic animals

A

tardigrada

50
Q

discuss tardigrada reproduction

A

female moults and lays eggs in moult for male to fertilise

51
Q

which oercentage of species are arthropod

A

83%

52
Q

discuss common features of arthropoda

A

many pairs of jointed legs with different functions
limbs that end with cheliped (claws/pincers/nippers)
eye system of both simple and compound eyes
hard chitin exoskeleton

53
Q

other name for simple eye

A

ocelli / ocellus (plural)

54
Q

which limb type is possessed by crustaceans and which limbs are present

which type of limb is possessed by chelicerates and which limbs are present

A

biramous.
2 pairs of antennaes
3 pairs of mouth appendages

biramous
1 pair of chelicerae to pierce prey
one pair of pedipalps; touch organ
4 pairs of walking legs on cephalothorax

55
Q

where ar crustacean organs contained

A

cephalothorax

56
Q

how many body segments do malacostraca have

A

20 or 21

57
Q

what equitment is used to catch scampi and what is its latin binomial name

A

trawl (net) and creel (cage)

nephrops norvegicus

58
Q

which animal has one eye in the middle of its head

A

cocepod ( a maxillapoda)

59
Q

species number for chelicerate

A

60,000

60
Q

discuss whats present in chelicerate abdomen

A

book lungs for breathing OR

tracheae

61
Q

name a body part unique to scorpions

A

pectines

62
Q

the name of the order mites and ticks belong

A

acarina

63
Q

the class merostomata have a large ventral

A

carpace

64
Q

myriaooda limbs are….. and they move in a … rhythm

A

uniramous

metachronal

65
Q

why is hexapoda heart rate slow

A

blood not used for oxygen delivery (spiracles and trachaea used)

66
Q

discuss hexapoda segments and limbs

A

3 thorax segments and 12 abdomen segments. no antannae, 3 pairs of eating appendages 3 pairs of uniramous legs, and 2 pairs of wings on 2nd and third segment

67
Q

compare homometabolous and hemimetabolous life histories

A

homo; egg, larva, pupa, imago; butterfly

hemi; egg, nympth, imago; dragonfly

68
Q

discuss different insect flight muscles

A

direct flight muscles; attached to wing base

indirect flight muscles; deform throax

69
Q

discuss tubules on insects and function

A

malpighian tubules for excretion of nitrogenous waste

70
Q

the name of the sieve covering the opening to the water vascular system

A

madreporite

71
Q

what type of plates are present in echinoderm internal skeleton

A

calcareous

72
Q

how do echinoderms feed

A

aristotles lantern

73
Q

hemichordate stiffening cord name

A

stomatochord

74
Q

3 part body plan of hemichordates

A
  1. proboscis; body part used to feed/dick. covered in sticky mucus to trap prey
  2. collar; nouth with pharynx which has pharyngeal slits openings to it for gas exchange
  3. trunk
75
Q

what do chordates use as a a cellular energy stre

A

creatine phosphate

76
Q

discuss how lancelets (cephalochordates) feed

A

filter feeding using pharyngeal slits by pishing body into soft sand
endostyle is a ciliated groove which transports food to the oesophagus

77
Q

which animals have an endostyle

A

urochordates and hemichordates

78
Q

what is found in high concentration in urochordates

A

lithium and vanadium

79
Q

other name for hemichordates

A

acorn worms

80
Q

how many chordate species are there and which class has 50% of them

A

62,000

osteichthyes

81
Q

discuss the tissue that is a flexible rigid connective tissue found at the end of bones at joints

A

cartilage

82
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

collagen and elastin

83
Q

which mineral make sup bone and which elements does that mineral contain

A

hydroxyapatite, containg calcium and phosphorus

84
Q

name an early jawed organsim

A

placoderm

85
Q

discuss the differences beteen hagfish and lampreys

A

hagfish are arine animals with no vertebrae and partial cranium, have teeth on toungue, are nearly blind, change sex and have no larva

lampreys are freshwater animals with a complete cranium, true vertebrae, have larva that metamorphose

86
Q

what word is used to describe the fin of chondrichthyes. which word is used fro osteichthyes

A

heteroceral; top part different to bottom part

homoceral

87
Q

how many gills do chondrichthyes have

A

5-7 pairs

88
Q

discuss heart chamber numbers

A

chondrichthyes and osteichthyes; 2
amphibians;3
reptiles; 3 but nearly 4
aves/mammals:4

89
Q

how do osteichthyes differ from chondrichthyes in terms of gills, scales and swim bladded

A

5 pairs istead of 5-7. an operculum is present, smooth skinned scales and swim bladder present

90
Q

what was the tetrapod to evolve

A

amphibians

91
Q

what made the invasion of land possible

A

amnion membrane on embryo

92
Q

describe the word used for tetrapod limbs

A

pentadactyl

93
Q

what was the era of reptiles

A

mesozoic

94
Q

discuss the name of holes in the skull present in synapsid and diapsid animals

A

temporal fenestrae

95
Q

which country are tuatra found

A

new zealand

96
Q

what are squamata scales made of

A

keratin

97
Q

which order has sex deremined by temperature of egg during incubation.

A

crocodilia; males bornif kept above 30 degrees, females if below 30

98
Q

when did dinosaurs become extinct

A

cretaceous

99
Q

discuss different wings

A

pterosaur; elongated fourth digit
aves/archeopterx; 3 elonfgated digits
chiroptera; 5 elongated fingers

100
Q

which bird has a good sense of smell and electro sensitive beak to detect worms

A

kiwi

101
Q

what is Lystrosaurus

A

a possible reptile like early mammal

102
Q

how many bones link the eardrum to the inner ear (cochlea)

A

3

103
Q

the mammal cochlea is long due to

A

coiling

104
Q

which part of the mammal brain is folded

A

cerebral cortex

105
Q

the word used to describe development inside the womb

A

gestation

106
Q

what do eutheria have that marsupials dont

A

placenta

107
Q

what is the chiroptera membrane of skin covering the wing called

A

patagium

108
Q

differences in echlocation of microchiroptera and megachiroptera

A

microchiroptera use toungue clicks, where as megachiroptera use the larynx (voice box) to make cries

109
Q

differences in abundance of micro and megachiroptera

A

microchiroptera are found in tropical regions, where as microchiroptera are found in temperate regions

110
Q

which region of the brain is reduced in primates

A

olfactory

111
Q

differences between new world monkeys and old world monkey

A

new world monkeys have prehensile tails and are arboreal, where as old world monkeys are arboreal or terrestrial and dont have a prehensile tail

112
Q

are butterflies and mosquitos homometabolous or hemimetabolous

A

homometabolous

Animal biology (2 decks)

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