General q's

Question 1

Hypersthenuria

Answer 1

decreased water intake, DM, Acute kidney failure

Question 2

Isosthenuria

Answer 2

Severe tubular damage –> tubules unable to concentrate filtrate

medullary washout

Question 3

Hyposthenuria

Answer 3

decreased ADH (CDI/NDI)
renal tubular damage
medullary washout

Question 4

decreased urea

Answer 4

hemodilution, impaired liver function, reduced protein intake

Question 5

increased urea

Answer 5

pre-renal: haemolysis, protein intake, gastric bleeding, poor energy in rumen, protein catabolism intestines, decreased blood perfusion of kidneys

renal: decreased function of nephrons and tubular function

post-renal: obstruction or rupture of ureter, urinary tract etc

Question 6

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)

Answer 6

Liver-specific for herbivores. (Ru, Eq, Pig)
> 30 IU/l
mitochondria and cytoplasm of liver and muscle cells.

increased AST and CK: muscle damage

• muscle cell necrosis
• rhabdomyosarcoma

increased AST no change in CK: liver damage
- hepatitis

RBCs: hemolysis

decreased AST
- vit B6 deficiency

Question 7

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Answer 7

liver-specific for carnivores (dog and cat)
> 60 IU/L

cytoplasm of liver cells

indication of milder liver damage

Question 8

Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)

Answer 8

liver-specific enzyme only in MITOCHONDRIA

All species.

Only seen in severe liver diseases —> where mitochondria is damaged.

GLDH bind NH3 to form glutamate.

Question 9

Alkaline phosphatase (ALKP)

Answer 9

ALKP is a bile obstruction enzyme

> 200 IU/l

Found in every cell membrane, only BONE and HEPATIC is found in blood

Dog: SIAP

increased ALKP

• bone disorder/damage
• bile obstruction
• liver injury
• high glucocorticoids in blood

Question 10

Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)

Answer 10

produced by many organs, concentrated in bile vessels.

> 10 IU/L

Increase in GTT

• biliary stasis
• cholestasis –> bile obstruction

Question 11

Causes of increased NH3 in blood

Answer 11

LIVER FAILURE
- less NH3 converted to urea

Ruminal ALKALOSIS and Ammonia TOXICOSIS

OVERGROWTH of bacteria in intestines (urease +)

Question 12

Causes of decreased Bile acids

Answer 12

Decreased absorption from intestines

liver cirrhosis

Question 13

Increased bile acids in blood

Answer 13

Liver injury or decreased liver function
- e.g. PSS

Bile duct obstruction

Question 14

Causes of increased unconjugated Bilirubin (Brl)

Answer 14

BrI is with albumin.
Haemolytic (pre-hepatic) jaundice

HAEMOLYSIS: Excess production of Brl due to RBC destruction

Decreased uptake by liver: liver impaired

Decreased rate of conjugation of BrI to BrII by liver

Question 15

Causes of increased conjugated bilirubin (BrII)

Answer 15

Hepatic jaundice.

Decreased excretion of BrII by liver cells

Obstruction of bile canal

Question 16

Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI)

Answer 16

Chronic necrotic or atrophic damage of pancreas.
(PAA in german sheperds -inherited pancreatic acinar atrophy)

DECREASED PANCREATIC ENZYMES in plasma
—> lead to MALDIGESTION

decreased: AMYLASE, LIPASE, TRYPSIN
result in: Bacterial overgrowth, weight loss, chronic diarrhoea and flatulence.

TESTS FOR EPI:
Fecal smears
Fecal elastase test
TLI-concentration
Gelatine digestion test
PABA absorption test
Lipid absorption test

Question 17

Fecal smears in EPI

Answer 17

CREATORRHEA

• Giemsa
• undigested muscle fiber = GREEN

STARCH

• Lugol
• undigested starch particles = BLUE

STEATORRHEA

• Sudan
• undigested lipid particles = PINK

Question 18

Pancreatitis

Answer 18

Inflammation of pancreas resulting in increased pancreatic enzymes in blood:
a-amylase, lipase and trypsin

HAEMATOLOGY

• Polycythaemia
• Degraded RBCs –> Anaemia
• Leukocytosis
• Neutrophilia
• Leukemoid reaction

Question 19

a-amylase : creatinine ration

Answer 19

To figure out if ACUTE PANCREATITIS or ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE —> compare urine levels of creatinine and amylase

PANCREATITIS:
urine creatinine:amylase ratio INCREASED
–> both more in urine and in plasma, no probkem with excretion

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE:
urine creatinine: amylase ratio DECREASED
–> not excreted properly, less in urine so more in plasma

Question 20

Increase in a-amylase

Answer 20

made by

• salivary gl
• intestines
• pancreas
• 80-100% excreted by kidneys

MEASURE:

• Starch digestion test
• P-Nitrophenol method –> yellow

CAUSES:
Acute pancreatitis
Acute kidney failure
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
DM
Ileus
Parotitis
Gastric/intestinal perforation
enteritis

Question 21

Lipase

Answer 21

Made by

• stomach
• pancreas
• intestines
• 60-80% excreted by kidneys

METHODS

• Turbidimetric method
• ELISA–> pancreas specific lipase in cats and dogs

CAUSES

• acute pancreatitis
• acute kidney failure
• ileus
• enteritis
• gastric infl/perforation