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From Tracy's Flashcardlet > General Psychology - Chapter 2/ > Flashcards

General Psychology - Chapter 2/ Flashcards

1
Q

What era was called the Decade of the the Brain?

A

1990’s (Neuropsychologists learned more about the brain during this time than the previous of all history time)

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2
Q

What two things determine behavior?

A

How the brain works or doesn’t work

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3
Q

What are the starting points of all behavior, thought, and emotion?

A

The electrical and chemical activities of the neuron

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4
Q

Behavioral Neuroscience

A

Psychological processes are linked to activities in the nervous systems and other bodily processes.

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5
Q

Other names for Behavioral Neuroscience.

A

Biopsychology or biological psychology

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6
Q

Clinical neuropsychology

A

Psychology which focuses on understanding brain behavior relationships, especially abnormal brain functioning and application of this knowledge to human problems

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7
Q

Without biological processes, there is no behavior. T or F

A

True

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8
Q

(SCN) Social Cognitive Nueruoscience

A

Includes Disciplines of Social, Developmental, & Cognitive Psychologies, Evolutionary Biology, Neuropsychology and computer science

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9
Q

Neuron

A

Basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system

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10
Q

Which cells receive and transmit information from one part of the body to another?

A

Neuron

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11
Q

Which cell is known as the building block of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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12
Q

Name the 3 Basic functional kinds of neurons that have been identified so far?

A

Sensory, Motor and Interneurons

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13
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Detect stimuli in the body and transmit the information to sensory receptors and then to the brain

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14
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Send the commands (motorize) them from the brain to the glands, muscles and organs to do something, cease or inhibit something

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect (intertwine) other neurons to each other

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16
Q

Which neurons are linked to form reflex responses?

A

Sensory and Motor

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17
Q

Mirror Neuron Systems

A

Recently discovered these neurons become active when a human or animal observes another human or animal performing a behavior. These are found in the frontal lobe and support processes of social cognition, speech perception, and action understanding.

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18
Q

(Neuron) Cell body is also called ____

A

Soma

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19
Q

(Neuron) Cell body defined.

A

Provides energy for the neuron to carry out its function

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20
Q

(Neuron) Dendrites

A

Short, branching fibers (fingers) that extend out from the neuron’s cell body and receive the information from other neurons or sensory receptors

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21
Q

(Neuron) Axon

A

Single elongated fiber (tube encased by myelin sheath) that carries the neuron’s messages to other neurons, glands and muscles (connects to other neurons literally).

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22
Q

Which part of the neuron can be a few thousandths of an inch to nearly 3 feet in length?

A

Axon

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23
Q

(Neuron) Myelin Sheath

A

White, fatty covering that insulates the axons from one another and increases the neurons communication speed.

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24
Q

When does Myelination (forming of myelins) take place during and individuals development?

A

After birth through the first 3 years of life the wiring of the nervous system occurs.

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25
Q

What can happen when a myelin sheath deteriorates or the transmission from one neuron to the other slows down?

A

Disease occurs, such as (MS) multiple sclerosis

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26
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath

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27
Q

Name the 2 kinds of cells in the nerve tissue.

A

Neurons & glial cells

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28
Q

Glial Cells

A

Supply the support, nutrients, and insulation for the neurons and are important in the formation, function, plasticity, and elimination of synapses in the nervous system.

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29
Q

What is known to hold the the nervous system together?

A

glial cells of which make up the myelin sheath

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30
Q

Neurons, not the glial cells, make up half of the brain’s total mass. T or F

A

False. It is the glial cells that make up half of this total mass.

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31
Q

What is the activity in the nervous system called?

A

Electrochemical activity

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32
Q

(EEG) Electroencephalogram

A

Instrument used to measure the electrical activity in the nervous system

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33
Q

Action Potential

A

Brief electrical impulse where messages are gathered by Dendrites and Cell Body then transmitted through the Axon. (Firing of neurons)

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34
Q

Electrical activity in the nervous system takes place inside the neuron. T or F

A

False. It takes place as a result of the activity of the neurochemicals surrounding and inside the neurons.

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35
Q

Axon Depolarizing begins ___ ____

A

Action Potential

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36
Q

Name the 3 sequences of Action Potential.

A

1) Sodium channels close/Potassium channels open (Potassium ions exit) 2) Potassium channels close 3) Sequence continues down the entire length of axons

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37
Q

Polarized vs. Depolarized Neurons mean what?

A

Polarized (resting state of a neuron); Depolarized (firing state of a neuron)

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38
Q

When does Resting Potential occur?

A

When a neuron is polarized (Axon is more negatively charged than the fluid (myelin sheath) surrounding the axon this potential occurs.

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39
Q

The difference in concentration of ions inside and outside the neuron’s cell membrane leads to ___ ___

A

Resting Potential

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40
Q

Neurons carry a positive (+) or negative (-) charge. T or F

A

False. These are ions (ION positively entertaining)

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41
Q

In a Resting Potential state, IONS and POTASSIUM (K), inside the neutrons have higher concentrations of _____ charges and lower concentrations of _______ outside the neutron.

A

Positive; (K) Potassium

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42
Q

What concentration is the basis for Resting Potential?

A

(K) Potassium

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43
Q

What two factors affect the speed of Action Potential?

A

Axon diameter and myelin sheath (Thicker axons and myelinated axons fire at faster speeds.

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44
Q

Break points that look like sausage links between the clumps on an axon are called ____ of ______

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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45
Q

Salutatory conduction

A

When the electrical current passes down the length of myelinated axon, the charge jumps from node to node (Node of Ranvier) and speed the flow of information down the axon.

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46
Q

Synapse

A

The point of communication between two neurons

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47
Q

PRE-synaptic Neuron

A

The “message-sending” neuron

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48
Q

POST-synaptic Neuron

A

The “message-receiving” neuron

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49
Q

The gap between the Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Neurons that is filled with fluid.

A

Synaptic Gap

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50
Q

Name the two types of transmission of information that occurs between neurons.

A

Electrical and chemical transmissions

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51
Q

Electrical Transmission

A

Where the ions channel the bridge for the narrow gap (synaptic) between neurons-communication happens instantaneously.

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52
Q

Chemical Transmission

A

Chemical substance diffuses across the synaptic gap from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron

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53
Q

More than 99% of synapses in the brain use chemical transmissions. T or F

A

True

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54
Q

Tiny pouches or sacs in the axon terminal are called ___ ____

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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55
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Special chemical messengers located in the synaptic vesicles.

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56
Q

When are neurotransmitters released into the synaptic gap?

A

When the neural impulse reaches the axon terminal

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57
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

Process when the neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, crosses the synaptic gap and affect the surrounding neurons and attach to the receptor sites on the Dendrites.

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58
Q

Reuptake

A

(RE-UP) Neurotransmitter molecules detach from a postsynaptic neuron and are REABSORBED by a presynaptic neuron and RECYCLED

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59
Q

What 2 things can occur AFTER Synaptic Transmission?

A

1) Reuptake 2) Neurotransmitter degrades

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60
Q

Name the 2 MESSAGES that a neurotransmitter communicates to a POSTsynaptic neuron.

A

1) Excitatory 2) Inhibitory

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61
Q

Excitatory Message

A

Increase in the likelihood that a neuron will fire (Gets excited)

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62
Q

Inhibitory Message

A

Decrease in the likelihood that a neuron will fire (Inhibited by something)

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63
Q

All nervous system activity depends on ____ and ____ transmission.

A

Neurotransmitters; synaptic

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64
Q

Treatment for mental disorders such as depression and schizophrenia use drugs that act like certain ______ in order to target certain brain pathways.

A

neurotransmitters

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65
Q

_______ and ________ are involved in many cellular functions of the immune system

A

Neurotransmitters and nueromodulators

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66
Q

Name the 7 Important Neurotransmitters in daily brain functioning.

A

Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, GABA, Glutamate, Endorphins (No DopES GAG) NDESGAG

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67
Q

Which neurotransmitter’s function produces sensations of pleasure and reward?

A

Dopamine (its DOPE)

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68
Q

This neurotransmitter is used by the central nervous system neurons involved in voluntary movement, attention, motivation, reward and memory.

A

Dopamine

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69
Q

High levels are linked to schizophrenia and is associated with an imbalance of this neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

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70
Q

Low levels are linked to Parkinson’s Disease and is associated with an imbalance of this neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

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71
Q

Name the substances that affect the action of the Dopamine Transmitter.

A

Cocaine, Ampheteamine, Ritalin, Alcohol

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72
Q

This neurotransmitter regulates sleep and dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite and sexual behavior

A

Serotonin

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73
Q

Name some problems associated with an imbalance an a low level of Serotonin.

A

Depression, Certain Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-compulsive disorders

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74
Q

Problems linked to high blood pressure, depression, mood depressant have been linked to an imbalance of this neurotransmitter.

A

Norepinephrine

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75
Q

This neurotransmitter helps control mood and arousal in the autonomic nervous system and by neurons in almost every region of the brain.

A

Norepinephrine

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76
Q

Name the PRIMARY Neurotransmitter that is used by neurons carrying messages from the central nervous system that may regulate attention, learning, memory, sleeping and dreaming.

A

Acetylcholine

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77
Q

These substances can affect the action of this neurotransmitter _______: Nicotine, black widow spider venom, Botulism, Curare, Atropine

A

Acetylcholine

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78
Q

They currently market atropine for the use of __ __ __

A

IBS

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79
Q

The primary INHIBITORY neurotransmitter in the neurons of the central nervous system

A

(GABA) Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

80
Q

An imbalance or low level of ______ is associated with problems such as Anxiety, Epilepsy, Seizures, tremors and insomnia.

A

GABA

81
Q

The primary EXCITATORY neurotransmitter in the central nervous system involved in learning and memory ________.

A

Glutamate

82
Q

High levels of ______- can cause brain damage and stroke, over stimulation of the brain causing migraines or seizures.

A

Glutamate

83
Q

Pleasurable sensations and control of pain that act within pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain are the function of _______ neurotransmitters.

A

Endorphins

84
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system.

85
Q

_______ increases the release of _____. (neurotransmitters)

A

Amphetamine; Norepinephrine

86
Q

(Psychiatric Drugs) ________ block the reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine or seratonin.

A

Tricyclics

87
Q

Physotigmine blocks the enzyme _____, which breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) into acetate and choline and prolongs the effects at the synapse.

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

88
Q

Receptor Antagonists

A

Bind to the receptor sites on the neurons and block (go against) the normal action of the transmitter.

89
Q

Give an example of a Receptor Antagonist.

A

Curare (arrow tip poison, used by South American Indians to paralyze their prey and prevents muscle contraction. Also Nicotine!

90
Q

Name some Postsynaptic Receptors

A

Physostigmine, Nerve Gas

91
Q

Name some Receptor Antagonists that block the normal action of the receptor.

A

Curare, nicotine

92
Q

When the _____ transmission of the nerve action goes wrong the nervous system will malfunction.

A

chemical

93
Q

Name the root cause of a large number of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

A

Defective neurotransmission

94
Q

Name the 2 main divisions of the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

95
Q

The large bundle of neuron axons are _____

A

Nerves

96
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the ___ and ___ ___ which are surrounded by ____ fluid for protection.

A

brain; spinal cord; cerbrospinal

97
Q

The ______ contains structures that support the most complex perceptual, motor, emotional and cognitive functions of the nervous system.

A

Brain

98
Q

What receives sensory information from the environment, processes and coordinates this information and sends commands to the skeletal and muscular systems for action?

A

CNS Central Nervous System

99
Q

What reflexes are produced by the spinal cord without any brain involvement?

A

Spinal reflexes

100
Q

The simplest ___ ____, includes a 3 neuron loop in which a sensation is sent through a sensory neuron through the spinal cord to an interneuron that relays the information in the spinal cord and communicates it to the motor neuron to distribute the action.

A

Spinal reflexes (3 neuron loop-sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron)

101
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes all of the ____ lying outside the CNS.

A

Nerves

102
Q

Name the two divisions of the PNS.

A

1) Somatic Nervous System 2) Autonomic Nervous system

103
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

One division of the PNS that communicates the SENSORY information received by the SENSORY RECEPTORS to the CNS along the MOTOR NERVES to perform voluntary muscle movements.

104
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

One division of the PNS that regulates INVOLUNTARY functions.

105
Q

Name a few examples of INVOLUNTARY functions of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing and digestion

106
Q

Name the 2 branches of autonomic nervous system.

A

1) Sympathetic nervous system 2) Parasympathetic nervous system

107
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

A branch of autonomic nervous system in PNS that has the flight-or-fight responses (responds emotionally).

108
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

A branch of the autonomic nervous system in PNS that maintains the body’s physical resources.

109
Q

Developments in _________ have made it possible to investigate the differential involvement of brain regions in normal and disordered thought in humans.

A

In the past quarter century, neuroimaging.

110
Q

Autonomic structures can be observed through which 2 imaging techniques?

A

CAT and MRI

111
Q

Neuropsychologists can observe energy use through what 2 imaging techniques?

A

PET and MEG

112
Q

Blood and water movement are observed through which imagining technique?

A

fMRI

113
Q

Neuropsychologists use ___ to observe the elecrical activity of the brain.

A

EEG

114
Q

What is a neuroscience fad that allows data-dredging and confirmation bias to affect study outcomes?

A

Cognitive brain mapping

115
Q

Microelectrode Techniques

A

Study the functions of individual neurons

116
Q

Macroelectrode Techniques

A

Obtains a picture of the activity in a specific region of the brain

117
Q

Bipolar Electrodes

A

Stimulates specific brain areas and notes the behavioral effects

118
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalograph - uses electrodes to observe electrical activity of the brain

119
Q

PET

A

Positron Emission Tomography - Measures over several minutes the average amount of neural activity in different brain regions by showing each region’s consumption of sugar glucose

120
Q

What is considered the brain’s chemical fuel?

A

Sugar glucose

121
Q

fMRI

A

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging used to measure over a few seconds the average neural activity in different brain regions by showing fluctuations in blood oxygen levels; blood and water movement

122
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic Response Imaging used to produce a 3 dimensional image of the brain’s soft tissues by detecting magnetic activity from nuclear particles in the brain molecules.

123
Q

CAT

A

Takes thousands of XRAY photographs of the brain them combines them to construct a cross sectional brain picture

124
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Two equal halves that mirror each image exactly

125
Q

Midline

A

Middle of the nervous system

126
Q

Structures closer to the midline of the nervous system are ___

A

medial

127
Q

Structures further away from the midline of the nervous system are ____

A

lateral

128
Q

Structures on opposite sides of the midline of the nervous system are ____

A

contralateral (right eye is contralateral to the left eye)

129
Q

Name the 3 parts of the brain.

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem.

130
Q

What consists of the medulla, the pons and the cerebellum?

A

Hindbrain

131
Q

The brainstem is made up of what 2 things?

A

Hindbrain and midbrain

132
Q

Which part of the brain relays information from the cerebrum to the spinal cord and the cerebellum and from the spinal cord and cerebellum to the cerebrum?

A

Brainstem

133
Q

Which part of the brain regulates vital functions such as breathing, consciousness and the control of body temperature?

A

Brainstem

134
Q

Which part of the brain controls vital Autonomic functions such as heart rate, breathing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and digestion?

A

MedullA

135
Q

Which part of the brain lies directly above the spinal cord?

A

Medulla

136
Q

Which part of the brain lies directly above the medulla?

A

The pons

137
Q

This term means “bridge” in Latin and is the area of the brain where the large bundles of axons connect with the cerebellum here.

A

The pons

138
Q

Centers for several cranial nerves are located in the ___.

A

Pons

139
Q

(RAS) Reticular Activating System

A

Where neurons project up to higher brain centers and down to the spinal cord.

140
Q

This regulates attention and sleep and is the system used by the medulla and pons.

A

Reticular Activating System RAS

141
Q

Latin for “little brain”

A

Cerebellum

142
Q

A movement control center that has extensive connections with the cerebrum and the spinal cord.

A

Cerebellum

143
Q

This part of the brain is involved in balance control, muscle tone, coordinated muscle movements and learning automatic movements and motor skills.

A

Cerebellum

144
Q

Visual and auditory sensory information is processed through this part of the brain and is the relay station for incoming sensory information.

A

Midbrain

145
Q

Dopamine producing neurons and motor control are features of this part of the midbrain

A

Substantia nigra

146
Q

A series of cavities that are filled with cerebral spinal fluid that is recycled several times a day and cushion and protect the brain, remove waste materials and transport hormones and other biochemicals.

A

Ventricles

147
Q

The largest and most complex brain region.

A

Forebrain

148
Q

Means “covering” in relation to the brain

A

Cortex

149
Q

Known as “gray matter” or the grayish, quarter inch thick, wrinkled outer portion of the brain.

A

Cerebral cortex

150
Q

What connects the the cerebral cortex to other brain regions and extends down from the cerebral cortex known as “white matter”

A

Myelinated axons

151
Q

The cerebral cortex contributes to cognition and emotion and makes up approx. half of the brain volume. T or F

A

False. Myelinated axons make up half of this.

152
Q

Which cortex is known as the “neo (new) cortex”

A

Cerebral cortex

153
Q

Which cortex contains approx. 70% of the neurons in the CNS?

A

Cerebral cortex

154
Q

Name the largest bundle of nerve fibers that connect the 2 Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

155
Q

What is the major communication link between the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus Callosum

156
Q

The cerebrum is divided into two cerebral hemispheres and each of these are divided into ___ regions called ___.

A

4; lobes

157
Q

Name the 4 lobes in each of the hemispheres of the cerebrum:

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

158
Q

Name the largest lobe of the cerebral cortex that is located behind and above the eyes and is involved in planning, initiating, and executing voluntary movements.

A

Frontal lobe

159
Q

When individuals suffer strokes or injury to this lobe their ability to make judgments and control their emotions is often impaired.

A

Frontal lobe

160
Q

Information about taste and odor resides in the ___ ____

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

161
Q

At the back of the frontal lobe is this tissue that is involved in motor movements and sends the commands from the brain to go to the muscles on the opposite side of the body.

A

Primary Motor cortex

162
Q

This action oriented region processes sensory information to accomplish a specific task.

A

Prefrontal cortex

163
Q

Located behind the Frontal lobe and above the Temporal Lobe is the ___ ___

A

Parietal Lobe

164
Q

This lobe processes bodily, or somatosensory, information including touch, temperature, pressure and information from the muscles and joints.

A

Parietal Lobe

165
Q

The band of tissue at the front of the Parietal Lobe that receives information from touch receptors in different parts of the body.

A

Somatosensory Cortex

166
Q

Which 4 parts of the body are disproportionately represented and provide the most important input for the sense of touch?

A

Lips, tongue, thumbs and index fingers

167
Q

Which regions in the Frontal Lobe and Parietal Lobe are among major areas involved in time perception?

A

Cortical Regions

168
Q

The lobe at the back of each hemisphere that receives visual information.

A

Occipital Lobe

169
Q

This area processes various aspects of visual stimulation_color, movement, shape, shading, etc.

A

Primary Visual cortex in the occipital lobe

170
Q

Which area claims the greatest proportion of the visual cortex to assist with processing the various aspects of visual stimulation?

A

Center of each retina

171
Q

Near the temples, this lobe specializes in processing auditory information.

A

Temporal Lobe

172
Q

The Primary ______ Cortex process speech sounds and is located on the left side of the brain

A

Auditory

173
Q

Name several structures that lie beneath the cerebral cortex in the forebrain.

A

Thalamus, olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala.

174
Q

Like a pit in a cherry this part is buried in the center of the brain and is a cluster of nuclei (neurons) that perform a variety of functions.

A

Thalamus (piT like a cherry)

175
Q

The small area located near the base of the brain that is party of the limbic system and connects the forebrain and midbrain.

A

Hypothalamus

176
Q

Which part of the brain can regulate the secretions of hormones through its effects on the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

177
Q

What 2 things does the hypothalamus use to convey messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones of the pituitary gland?

A

1) Nerves 2) Hypotalamic hormones

178
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Large nuclei partly surrounded by the thalamus and hypothalamus

179
Q

Latin word meaning “border” that is the system that forms a border around the brainstem that plays critical roles learning, memory, motivation, and emotional control.

A

Limbic system

180
Q

Name some of the regions that make up the Limbic System.

A

Hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, (cortical and subcortical structures)

181
Q

The Limbic System is involved in such behaviors such as:

A

Feeding, aggression, memory, emotional functioning

182
Q

Match Behaviors with Part of Brain:

a) Fear and Apprehension 1) Hypothalamus
b) Learning & Memory 2) Amygdala
c) Hunger & Learning 3) Hippocampus

A

a) = 2
b) = 3
c) = 1

183
Q

Sensory, motor and cognitive functions that are specialized to either the left or right cerebral hemisphere refers to this type of specialization________ _________.

A

Hemispheric Specialization

184
Q

It is common for neural circuits established for one purpose to be recycled or redeployed during development for other uses without losing their original function. T or F

A

True

185
Q

Specialization of the Left Cerebral Hemisphere include? Name at least 2.

A

1)Regulation of POSITIVE emotions 2) Control of muscles used in speech 3) Control of sequence of movement 4) Spontaneous speaking & writing 5) Memory for words and numbers 6) Understanding speech & writing

186
Q

Specialization of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere include? Name at least 2.

A

1)Regulation of NEGATIVE emotions 2) Responses to simple commands 3) Memory for shapes & music 4) Recognition of faces

187
Q

This French neurologist and anthropologist, provided evidence through case studies that the left hemisphere was critical in language functioning, in the 1860’s.

A

Paul Broca

188
Q

The area on the left frontal lobe that when damaged produces speech disturbances but no loss of comprehension and was named after the neurologist and anthropologist that discovered it.

A

Broca’s area or motor speech area

189
Q

This area was discovered by a German neurologist on the left temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex that when damage produced meaningless or nonsensical speech and difficulties in verbal and written communication

A

Wernicke’s area (Karl Wernicke)

190
Q

Laterilization (Also called cerebral laterality)

A

The idea that one hemisphere exerts more control over the processing of a particular psychological function

191
Q

Aphasia

A

The inability to articulate ideas or understand spoken language

192
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Comprehension is unaffected but impossible to produce speech due to damage to the frontal lobe

193
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Comprehension through written and spoken communication is affected but speech is possible when damage to the frontal lobe occurs.

194
Q

Which part of the brain is usually cut to stop or reduce epileptic seizures? What is the surgery called?

A

Corpus Callosum; Split brain operation because the corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain.

195
Q

Roger Sperry was an English psychologist and neuroscientist that did research on non humans to discover that the cutting of the corpus callosum did not have any effect on behavior. T or F

A

He was American

From Tracy's Flashcardlet (4 decks)

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