General Psychology Flashcards
What are Psychodynamics?
The dynamics between the conscious and unconscious forces which dictate our behaviour, personality and motivation. This includes our Ego defence mechanisms.
It is a type of psychoanalysis postulated by Sigmund Freud.
What is Psychoanalysis?
Define it for Level 3.
State it’s structure for Level 4.
Apply real world examples for Level 5.
Psychoanalysis is the study of the unconscious drives which determine a person’s behaviour.
Investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.
Freudian defense mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction formation, projection, displacement, undoing, isolation, sublimation, and denial.
ID
The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs.1 If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state of anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink.
The id is very important early in life because it ensures that an infant’s needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, they will cry until the demands of the id are satisfied. Young infants are ruled entirely by the id; there is no reasoning with them when these needs demand satisfaction.
What are the Psychodynamic Defence Mechanisms?
Define it for Level 2.
List 5 for Level 3.
List 10 for Level 4 with real world examples.
List all for Level 5 with real world examples and long term consequences.
Defence mechanisms are cognitive distortions of reality created by the Ego to manage internal conflicts and anxiety inducing realities between the ID and Superego. These defence mechanisms can be adaptive or maladaptive.
MALADAPTIVE DEFENCE MECHANISMS
Displacement - Unacceptable and uncomfortable feelings are dealt with indirectly with inappropriate expression.
EXAMPLE: A parent gets harassed at work by their boss, but cannot voice their concerns. Parent goes home and yells at their kids.
CONSEQUENCES: Will wear the individual down. Ineffective and indirect.
Can lead to a cycle of abuse, and damage relationships. Mental illness.
Denial - Refusing to acknowledge uncomfortable realities.
EXAMPLE: A cancer patient refuses to acknowledge that they only have a few years left to live.
CONSEQUENCES: Continuation of behaviour which is detrimental to the individual, which can be dangerous to their health and wellbeing. Acknowledgement of uncomfortable reality can be unconscious, and can be a ticking time bomb before it is expressed regardless of Denial.
Dissociation - Temporary discrepancies in memory function, personality and consciousness to cope with uncomfortable reality.
EXAMPLE: A person gets abused by their family, and has no recollection of any abuse taking place.
CONSEQUENCE: Lapses in memory and Derealisation episodes can make daily functioning difficult. Can affect interpersonal relationships. Difficulties with focus. Can develop into DID.
Identification - Unconscious mirroring of another’s behaviour who is either overpowering, abusive or influential to cope with uncomfortable realities.
EXAMPLE: A person in a committed relationship with a Narcissist can become Narcissistic as a result of their abuse, and can continue such behaviour even after their relationship is over.
CONSEQUENCE: Creates a cycle of abuse. Identified qualities can be harmful. Can lead to the creation of a false-self and Personality Disorders.
Intellectualisation - Circumventing uncomfortable feelings about an event by fixating on the logical and logistical side of the events devoid of feelings.
EXAMPLE: A man who loses a loved one in a car accident begins obsessing over the forensic report of the event without processing his emotions.
CONSEQUENCE: Unsustainable as the emotions are a ticking time bomb before they are addressed regardless. It can make an individual appear cold and apathetic, which can affect interpersonal relationships. Downplays importance of feelings over logic. Attempts logical solution approaches to illogical and unsolvable problems. Dead end. Rational mind dealing with irrational pain.
Projection - Attributing one’s uncomfortable realities to other people to avoid facing the reality directly.
EXAMPLE: A man who desires to cheat on his wife is convinced that his wife must be cheating on him.
CONSEQUENCES: Inflammatory effect on other people. Can be rooted in paranoia and lead to isolation and anxiety. Can lead to destruction of relationships and abuse.
Reaction Formation - Replacing unacceptable emotions and realities with behaviour which is the polar opposite of how an individual feels.
EXAMPLE: A man feels emasculated and timid at a party, so he compulsively starts yelling to be more dominant.
CONSEQUENCES: Can lead to inappropriate behaviour.
Define psychosomatic. How can it affect somebody?
A psychosomatic reaction is where an illness is exacerbated by a mental state.
For example, stressful situations lead to the secretion of stress hormones which can lead to death
GAD (anxiety) may lead to cardiovascular events which may lead to heart problems.
Psychogenic death = death caused by physiological shock, fatal drop in B.P from fear
What are psychodynamics and psychodynamic perspectives?
Psychodynamics are the workings between the conscious and subconscious mind, proposed by sigmund freud.
Psychodynamic = relating the to unconscious mind, which includes our repressed desires and traumas and make up for our personalities and motivations.
Define psychoanalysis and what it often includes.
Psychoanalysis is the field of psychology proposed by sigmund freud.
Free association = revelation of subconscious mechanisms through analysing the immediate expressions of thought; saying what comes to mind immediately
Hypnosis = hypnotising the patient to reveal the hidings of their subconscious
Dream Analysis = analysing the content of dreams to reveal subconscious workings
Object relations theory = early experiences with caregivers during childhood shape outlook on others and ourselves; proper upbringing leads to spontaneous and confident selves
What is behaviourism? What is radical behaviourism? What is cognitive behaviourism?
Behaviourism = we are products of our environment.
Theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning, and conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our actions are shaped by environmental stimuli.
radical behaviourism = we are solely products of our environment and no other factors come into play
Pavlov was conducting research on the digestion of dogs when he noticed that the dogs’ physical reactions to food subtly changed over time. At first, the dogs would only salivate when the food was placed in front of them. However, later they salivated slightly before their food arrived.
cognitive behaviourism = experiences + environment influence what we expect and how we behave; an example is when an incel gets rejected they will avoid any further attempts to not get rejected again
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - Ivan Pavlov - Pavlov’s dogs.
Learning through association.
Unconditioned stimulus is what we can hear/see/feel. EXAMPLE: Loud bang. Which leads to an unconditioned response physiologically. EXAMPLE: Jumping at the loud bang.
Classical Conditioning is an example of how humans learn to associate neutral stimulus (regular pairing), with a stimulus which produces a physiological response, which is called a conditioned response.
Pavlov observed dogs salivating (unconditioned response) at the sight of food (unconditioned stimulus). So Ivan Pavlov presented food with a ring of a bell (neutral stimulus, for now), and as time passed of consistently ringing the bell with food (repeated regular pairing), the dogs began associating the bell with the food and drooling over the ring (conditioned stimulus leading to a conditioned response).
HISTORICAL EXAMPLE: Little Albert. Watson and Raynor study.
Little Albert was a baby who was conditioned to fear white rabbits through repeated banging of a hammer behind him whenever Albert noticed the white rabbit. Albert began crying.
Rabbit - Neutral Stimulus
Hammer Bang Fear - Unconditioned response
Repeated Pairing = conditioned stimulus and conditioned response.
OPERANT CONDITIONING - B.F Skinner - “skinner’s box” - Rats learning through consequences, positive and negative reinforcement. - Used in Prisons to condition good behaviour through tokens
Rats would be placed in a box with an electrical grid.
Behaviour which is positively and negatively reinforced would prosper, whereas punished behaviour would die out.
Overly simplistic, reductive, relies on animals and does not consider the element of human thought in behaviour.
What is the humanistic approach in psychology? Who are the most influential figures in the humanistic movement?
Emphasizes free will and encourages having a meaningful life. Amplifies the significance of human relationships, and most of all self efficiency.
The most influential figures are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
The goal of person centric humanistic therapy is to:
-create the conditions for maximum personal growth
-eliminate feelings of distress
-raise self-esteem
-raise self awareness
The three core conditions which must be met in humanistic therapy are to:
- Unconditional positive regard: even if you are against what the client is doing, you must give them non-judgemental support.
- Genuineness/Congruence: have a genuine interest in the client; if you can’t, find the closest thing you care about
- Empathy: show emapthy; be very present in the conversation
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
- Self-Actualisation. Highest realisation of one’s true potential.
- Esteem. Respect yourself and others.
- Relationships. Sense of belonging and love for other people.
- Safety. Security and Stability.
- The Basics. Food, water, and shelter.
The pyramid of what the individual needs. A perfect balance, where the pyramid is typical.
Individuals struggle when their pyramid is skewed and disproportional, where some layers are radically larger or smaller than other layers.
How can you look at something from a cognitive perspective?
From the perspective of cognitive processing; memory, perception, attention, planning, reasoning
What is Socialisation?
The process of being integrated in a culture and the norms of the people around you.
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals released by the nerve cells which allow them to communicate with one another.
What three characteristics does personality need to have in order to be considered a “personality”?
- Consistent behaviour
- Stable behaviour
- Unique to the individual
What is the psychoanalytic theory of libido?
Libido is psychic energy which is always longing for release either directly or indirectly.
Directly = sexual activities
Indirectly = recreational activities such as painting
What is the freudian slip? Parapraxis?
known as parapraxis, when you say one thing and you accidentally reveal what is happening in the subconscious.
evidence is to be taken with a grain of salt
What are the three structures of consciousness relating to psychodynamics?
SUPEREGO
EGO
ID
ID: unconscious, present at birth, irrational,
operates on the Pleasure Principle; disregard consequences and seek hedonism
EGO: contact with reality, suppresses ID for control, Reality Principle; allows the ID to release itself at convenient times
SuperEgo: morality,
What are some psychodynamic ego defence mechanisms?
Defence mechanism: distortions of reality created by the ego to protect the person from reality and resolve emotions, all to protect their self-esteem.
Ego defence mechanisms are all unconscious apart from repression, which involves the conscious effort to do.
- Compensation; overshadow bad with another good to cope
- Denial; refuse to accept the existence of bad
- Displacement; displace feelings about bad in a way which lets you deal with them unlike direct confrontation to cope
- Identification; cope with bad by becoming bad
- Introjection; cope with bad by internalising ideas which disallow for bad
- Projection; see your bad in others to cope
- Rationalization; logically and coldly process the bad
- Reaction Formation; usually an extension of denial, behaving like the opposite of how they feel/are
- Regression; cope with bad by acting younger and more innocent
- Repression; refuse to feel the effects of bad
- Sublimation; socially acceptable displacement, take bad and let out your feelings in a socially acceptable way
Define the term intrapsychic.
Referring to psychological processes inside the person.
What are the Level 1 pathological psychodynamic ego defence mechanisms?
Pathological defence mechanisms erase the need to cope with reality by pathologically distorting it.
Pathological expressions of psychodynamic defence mechanisms make the person look insane. These are psychotic and are common in people with psychosis.
Common in healthy children before age of 5.
Delusional projection; firm belief in the implications of projection.
Denial
Distortion; distortions of reality ranging from mild (ugly self, ugly others), major (autistic fantasies, projective identification), dysregulation (psychotic delusions)
Extreme projection
What are the Level 2 “immature” psychodynamic ego defence mechanisms?
Seen in insecure adults, healthily expected in ages 3-15.
Used to cope with threatening and uncomfortable reality.
Level 2 psychodynamic defence mechanisms lead to inability to mature and cope with reality effectively.
Very often present in people with personality disorders.
Projection
Schizoid fantasies
Hypochondrias
Passive aggressive behaviour
Acting out
Blocking
Regression
Introjection
Somatization
What are hypochondriacs?
People who live under the irrational fear of having a serious undiagnosed medical condition. Delusional hypochondria is when the person rejects clear diagnostics tests and continue to believe that they are suffering from a condition.
What are Level 3 “Neurotic” psychodynamic ego defence mechanisms?
Common in adults.
Have short term advantages by distorting reality, but can cause long term problems in relationships when used as the primary way to cope with reality.
Intellectualization
Repression
Displacement
Reaction formation
Dissociation
Controlling
Externalization
Inhibition
Rationalization
Sexualization
What are the Level 4 “Mature” psychodynamic ego defence mechanisms?
Common among mature, stable and secure adults.
Adapted through the years of maturity and are suited for a well adjusted adult lifestyle.
Helps cope with reality in a healthy way which helps set people up for success.
Altruism
Humour
Sublimation
Suppression
A person says: “My donny is not an alcoholic, he’s a social drinker!”
Denial. That person is exhibiting a pathological psychodynamic ego defence mechanism which distorts their reality to make them feel better. It can be called pathological denial.
Blocking or disowning thoughts which may be painful or may lead to emotional distress.
A person with diabetes eats a snickers bar every lunch.
Denial. That person is exhibiting a pathological psychodynamic ego defence mechanism which distorts their reality to make them feel better. It can be called pathological denial.
Blocking or disowning thoughts which may be painful or may lead to emotional distress.
A person with severe abdominal pain says they’ll wait it out and go to the doctor in a few days.
Denial. That person is exhibiting a pathological psychodynamic ego defence mechanism which distorts their reality to make them feel better. It can be called pathological denial.
Blocking or disowning thoughts which may be painful or may lead to emotional distress.
What are the three levels of pathological distortion defence mechanisms?
Distortion: pathological reshaping of reality to accommodate person.
- minor; distortions in perception of self, body or others which may be used to maintain self-esteem, which can also be reduced to different modes-
-Devaluation: exaggerated negative qualities to self or others
-Idealization: exaggerated positive qualities to self or others
-Omnipotence: acting as if self is special or powerful
- major; major misattribution in self-image
-Autistic fantasies; excessive daydreaming to cope
-Projective identification; falsely attributing another bad things they themselves are doing, however believe themselves to be correct as they believe their actions are justified
- dysregulation; severe breaks from reality, psychotic, dangerous
-Delusional projection; psychotic and exaggerated delusions to others
-Psychotic denial; dangerously impaired denial of reality
-Psychotic distortions; dangerously distorted perception of reality
A person believes that all people named Barry are going to simultaneously come together and slash them to death.
Psychotic delusion. That person is exhibiting a dysregulated pathological psychodynamic ego defence mechanism which severely distorts their reality. It can be called a psychotic delusion.
A woman is cheating on their boyfriend because she believes that he is going to cheat on her anyway, so he ends up cheating on her when he finds out and she continues to cheat.
Projective identification. That person is exhibiting a major pathological psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be called a major distortion of reality.
That person may have an unhealthy outlook on men; perceiving all of them as cheaters, which she may be using the cheating she induced to justify her actions. She may be attempting to circumvent what to her is an inevitable heartbreak by cheating first and projecting that his cheating, later to identify with the cheating she induced.
A person believes that they are a grotesque, putrid looking gremlin.
Minor devaluation. That person is exhibiting a minor pathological psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be called a minor distortion of reality.
A closeted gay person becomes an anti-queer activist online.
Reaction formation. That person is exhibiting an immature psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be reaction formation
To cope with homophobia, the closeted homosexual became homophobic to do the polar opposite of their uncomfortable feelings.
A closeted gay person accuses their friends of being homosexuals.
Projection. That person is exhibiting an immature psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be called simple projection.
To cope with being a homosexual in a homophobic environment, the closeted homosexual began accusing their friends of being gay.
A person blubbers and groans like a child in front of their spouse.
Regression. That person is exhibiting an immature psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be called regression.
The person attempts to return to an earlier libidinal phase where they would feel safe, relaxed and have their needs met.
What is the difference between a healthy and pathological psychodynamic defence mechanism?
An ego defence mechanism becomes pathological only when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behavior such that the physical and/or mental health of the individual is adversely affected
What are the stage 4 healthy psychodynamic defence mechanisms?
Altruism - helping others in a way which is not compensating
Anticipation - Realistic planning and acceptance of future discomfort. A positive outlook on the future and anticipation for the good of the future.
Sublimation - Converting anxiety arousing (and usually socially undesirable) emotions into something constructive and socially acceptable
What is trait theory? Who postulated trait theory?
Gordon Allport
Cardinal traits: traits which can be used to define and label a person due to their prevalence
one or two of these traits can be used to define a person due to how much they appear in their behaviour. Defines and predicts their behaviour as the most important part
Central traits: traits which are fundamental to a persons personality but are not the most dominant compared to others.
people have 5-10 of these to be defined but define the person
Secondary traits: traits which are only relevant based on the context and the environment the person finds themselves in
general fears of public speaking, hating waiting in lines
What is the 5 factor model when it comes to personality?
Robert McCrae
Otherwise known as the ocean model.
O - Openness to imagination, new actions and new ideas;
High scorers: curious, wide range of interests, independent, imaginative, creative
Low scorers: Practical, conventional, prefers routine
C - Conscientiousness, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, pragmatism, goals
High scorers: Hardworking, goal oriented, organized, dependable,
Low scorers: Impulsive, careless, disorganized
E - Extroversion,
A - Agreeableness to cooperate, trustworthy and good natured
high scoring - helpful, trusting and empathetic
low scoring: critical uncooperative and suspicious
N - Neuroticism, tendency towards emotional instability
high scorers: anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions
low scorers: calm, even-tempered, secure
What are the three conditions needed in a humanistic client counsellor relationship?
The three core conditions, empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence
How do Psychoactive drugs affect the brain? What are the different types of psychoactive drugs?
They cross the blood brain barrier and interact with the neurotransmitter levels in the brain, in turn affecting mood, judgement and behaviour.
Agonists: increase neurotransmitter site activity by mimicking neurotransmitters, like morphine. Or by blocking the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters, enhancing their effect (SSRIS)
What are the main Excitatory neurotransmitters?
Glutamate. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter which is used in learning and high amounts may contribute to schizophrenia.
What are the main Inhibitory neurotransmitters?
GABA. The main inhibitory neurotransmitter. involved in memory, learning and sleep.
Alcohol and anti-anxiety drugs bind to GABA receptors and cause sedation and lack of worry.
What is the role of Norepinephrine? How does it appear in our system?
Critical in functions such as mood, hunger and sleep.
Aphetamines, Methenthetamines, Caffeine causes a spike in Norepinephrine
What is the role of Dopamine?
Motor function and feeling pleasure. neurotransmitter
drugs which increase dopamine treat parkinsons, while reducing is for schizophrenia
What is the role of Serotonin? How do SSRI’s work?
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Its biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.
After carrying a message, serotonin is usually reabsorbed by the nerve cells (known as “reuptake”). SSRIs work by blocking (“inhibiting”) reuptake, meaning more serotonin is available to pass further messages between nearby nerve cells.
What is the role of Anandamide?
Reduces pain and increases appetite.
Result of THC as it causes euphoria and an increase in appetite. When smoking weed.
neurotransmitter
What is splitting?
Maladaptive defence mechanisms where positive and negative cognitive constructs of objects conflict and do not co-exist, leading to black and white polarization of the same object or concept.
Dramatic changes in behaviour corresponding to mood trigger activations and fears. Devaluation to protect self-concept or idealisation and apotheosis to protect self-concept.
Also used as a defence mechanism against guilt by borderline personality disorder, as all bad things are deserved by the bad person- completely disregarding the existence of the good.
What is projective identification?
It is a major pathological defence mechanism in which a person projects a bad quality onto another person (quality which they may be feeling themselves) until the other person finally begins having the same quality, in turn justifying the existence of the initial quality and then using their change to identify with their initial quality.
“so I knew you were cheating on me all along, well I cheated too before you”
“see, you are a terrible person look you’re angry (just as much as they were before)”
What is compartmentalization?
It is the division of something into several compartments and genres. Depending on the context in psychology.
Describe the narcissist and NPD in accordance to the diagnostic criteria. What are the different types of narcissists? Can you list all traits of specific narcissists? How does each different narcissistic type differ from the rest?
The DSM-5 lists nine key narcissistic traits:
exaggerated feelings of superiority and self-importance
regular fantasies about personal power, intelligence, success, or attractiveness
a firm belief in personal specialness
a strong need for attention, praise, and admiration from other people
entitled behavior, such as a desire for special treatment
a habit of using manipulation tactics
low empathy or disinterest in the emotional needs of others
a tendency to envy others or assume others envy them
arrogance and scorn for others
COVERT
- A reserved or self-effacing attitude
- Humility or a tendency to put themselves down
- Smugness or quiet superiority
- Passive-aggressive behavior
- Envy of others and/or feeling that they deserve what other people have
- A lack of empathy for the feelings or situations of other people
- A tendency to step in and help others out of a desire for recognition
GRANDIOSE
- A need for admiration
- A lack of empathy
- An exaggerated sense of importance
- Persistent fantasies of increased success, power, happiness, love, intelligence, or physical appearance
- A belief that they are so special that they should only associate with other special people
- A belief that they should receive special attention, treatment, and gifts
- A tendency to take advantage of other people or situations to fulfill their goals
- Lacking care, compassion, and empathy for others
- Being envious of others and thinking that others are envious of them
- Appearing arrogant, conceited, or self-absorbed
MALIGNANT
Being extremely arrogant and self-centered
Disregarding the feelings and needs of other people
Manipulating, using, or exploiting others for personal gain or pleasure
Having an extreme need for power
Acts of revenge against those who criticize them
Fantasizing about ways to obtain more power or dominance over others
Lacking conscience, regret, or remorse for their actions
Being cruel and taking pleasure in the pain of others
High levels of aggression towards other people
Paranoia or mistrust of others
What can you predict about a person who scores highly in Openness? What about low Openness? (Openness to experience)
Individuals can either score high or low in openness, which can determine their openness to internalizing new ideas and experiences.
High in Openness: Creative thinkers, imaginative problem solvers who consider more solutions than the average, curious, abstract thinkers,
much more likely to be more extroverted
more likely to take risks
more comfortable with improvising and uncertainty,
more likely to use abstract solutions to a problem,
more likely to have a curious mind,
more likely to have a wide range of interests,
more likely to be independent thinkers
high scorers tend to have a slightly higher IQ
imaginative, creative
more likely to seek “sensations” and experiences
more likely to be liberal and progressive
Low in Openness: Practical, conventional, prefers routine
less likely to take risks
more likely to stay the same without change
more likely to hold conservative beliefs
less likely to change their core beliefs
more likely to find change stressful and anxiety inducing
less likely to seek new experiences
What are the different adult attachment styles?
Autonomous (Secure):
Comfortable in a warm, loving and emotionally close relationship.
Depends on partner and allows partner to depend on them; is available for partner in times of need.
Accepts partner’s need for separateness without feeling rejected or threatened; can be close and also independent (“dependent–independent”).
Trusting, empathic, tolerant of differences, and forgiving.
Communicates emotions and needs honestly and openly; attuned to partner’s needs and responds appropriately; does not avoid conflict.
Manages emotions well; not overly upset about relationship issues.
Insight, resolution and forgiveness about past relationship issues and hurts.
Sensitive, warm and caring parent; attuned to child’s cues and needs; children are securely attached.[
anxious ambivalent
Insecure in intimate relationships; constantly worried about rejection and abandonment; preoccupied with relationship; “hyperactivates” attachment needs and behavior.
Needy; requires ongoing reassurance; want to “merge” with partner, which scares partner away.
Ruminates about unresolved past issues from family-of-origin, which intrudes into present perceptions and relationships (fear, hurt, anger, rejection).
Overly sensitive to partner’s actions and moods; takes partner’s behavior too personally.
Highly emotional; can be argumentative, combative, angry and controlling; poor personal boundaries.
Communication is not collaborative; unaware of own responsibility in relationship issues; blames others.
Unpredictable and moody; connects through conflict, “stirs the pot.”
Inconsistent attunement with own children, who are likely to be anxiously attached.
Anxious avoidant
Emotionally distant and rejecting in an intimate relationship; keeps partner at arm’s length; partner always wanting more closeness; ” “deactivates” attachment needs, feelings and behaviors.
Equates intimacy with loss of independence; prefers autonomy to togetherness.
Not able to depend on partner or allow partner to “lean on” them; independence is a priority.
Communication is intellectual, not comfortable talking about emotions; avoids conflict, then explodes.
Cool, controlled, stoic; compulsively self-sufficient; narrow emotional range; prefers to be alone.
Good in a crisis; non-emotional, takes charge.
Emotionally unavailable as parent; disengaged and detached; children are likely to have avoidant attachments.
Fearful-avoidant attachment:
A person with a fearful avoidant attachment lives in an ambivalent state of being afraid of being both too close to or too distant from others. They attempt to keep their feelings at bay but are unable to; they can’t just avoid their anxiety or run away from their feelings.
What are the differences between crystallized and fluid intelligence?
Fluid intelligence is intelligence which is measured through culture free psychometric tests. Things like IQ
Crystallized intelligence is a measurement of previous knowledge.
What can you predict about a person who is highly conscientious?
Conscientiousness is the quality of being able to do whatever you do well and thoroughly.
High Conscientiousness: organisation, pragmatism, tidiness, planning, high crystallized intelligence,
if neurotic, then perfectionistic and critical of others
critical of their own failures
take prophylactic measures
perform well academically
empathetic
tidy
lower IQ, hence the need to be conscientious phenomenon
organise and plan
homes have better lighting
healthier relationships
less likely to be unhealthy
less likely to cheat
less likely to divorce
happier on average than non-conscientious individuals
Low Conscientiousness:
less critical of their own failures
messy
underperformers
impulsive purchases
unhealthy habit forming
drug abusing
impulsive criminal activity
neuroticism
lower life expectancy
What are haptics? What do different haptic signs mean?
Haptics are the touching of objects.
Creating barriers with objects against people means that you are uncomfortable with that person and want to create space.
