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Diagnostic Imaging EDITABLE > General Principles of Imaging > Flashcards

General Principles of Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

list some conventional terminology that refers to radiographs (3)

A
  1. plain film
  2. film
  3. x-ray
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2
Q

what is the difference between radiography and radiation?

A
  1. radiograph - an x-ray containing an image or part of a patient’s anatomy
  2. radiation - energy that is transmitted through space or matter. For medical purposes can include:
    1. mechanical - ultrasound
    2. electrical
    3. thermal (IR lamp)
    4. Nuclear (gamma rays)
    5. electromagnetic (x-rays)
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3
Q

what are the current units of measurement for radiation?

A

gray

sievert

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4
Q

shorter wave length = _______ energy = ________ penetration

A

higher energy

greater penetration

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5
Q

compare soft and hard x-rays

A
  • Soft
    • longer wave length
    • utility → trx of superficial malignancies
  • Hard
    • shorter wave lengths
    • diagnostic imaging
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6
Q

what is required for an x-ray?

A
  1. production of electrons
  2. force for rapid movement
  3. something to halt movement rapidly
  4. X-ray tube
    1. cathode and anode within glass tube
    2. vacuum maintained within tube
  5. Kilovoltage produced between filament and anode
    1. electrons accelerate and then strike anode
    2. x-ray created
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7
Q

x-rays are attenuated based on ________

A

tissue densities

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8
Q

list the benefits of plain film (4)

A
  1. low cost
  2. reliable
  3. relatively good quality
  4. ease of use
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9
Q

what is radiodensity?

  • what does it determine?*
  • what is it a product of?*
  • What is the difference between radiopaque and radiolucent?*
A

the combo of physical qualities of an object that determine how much radiation it absorbs from the x-ray beam

  1. determines attenuation
  2. product of composition and thickness
  3. radiographic density → blackening
  4. radiopaque → harder to penetrate w/x-rays
  5. radiolucent → easier to penetrate w/x-rays
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10
Q

list the shades of gray relating to radiodensity

A
  1. Air (black)
  2. Fat (gray-black)
  3. Water (gray)
  4. Bone (white)
  5. contrast media (bright white)
  6. heavy metals (solid white)
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11
Q

what does the term decubitus mean when referring to x-ray and imaging?

A

body positioned on horizontal surface with horizontal beam

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12
Q

list common projections for x-rays

A
  1. anterioposterior (AP)
  2. posterioanterior (PA)
  3. lateral
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13
Q

describe the process for viewing x-ray images

A
  1. hard images
    1. placed on illuminator with anatomic position and patient facing clinician
  2. computed/digital
    1. viewed on screen
  3. ID markers
    1. >/= 2 markers such as pt info, date, institution, sex, age and laterality
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14
Q

list and describe terms relating to image quality

A
  1. density → degree of blackening
  2. contrast → affects anatomic detail (low vs high)
  3. detail → geometric sharpness or accuracy of structural lines (can be affected by motion)
  4. distortion → difference between actual and recorded image (may be elongated or shortened)
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15
Q

describe an arthrography

A
  • injection of contrast within joint space
  • distends capsule
  • outlines internal surfaces
  • commonly used with CT, MR, fluoroscopy
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16
Q

describe a myelography

A
  • pertaining to spinal cord, dura mater, and nerve root
  • injected into cerebrospinal fluid (subarachnoid space)
  • column of radiopaque fluid
  • may be administered with CT
17
Q

what is a conventional tomography and what is it’s best clinical application?

A

x-ray tube or film move about fulcrum point (focused on anatomic area)

Best clinical application → fracture evaluation

18
Q

list limitations to conventional tomography

A
  1. detail cannot be enhanced
  2. difficulty with positioning
  3. exposure
19
Q

describe computed tomography (CT)

A
  1. it is an x-ray beam and detector within a circular scanner that moves around the pt
  2. computer interprets (constructs) image
  3. tissues assigned different shades of gray
  4. series of cross-section slices (axial); can be reconstructed in sagittal and coronal planes, as well as 3D
20
Q

describe MRI

what are the 9 signal intensities?

A
  • radiofrequency waves within a magnetic field interact with tissues
  • relies on detection of reemitted radiofrequency waves that are absorbed
  • view in axial, sagittal, coronal planes
  • signal intensities:
    • bone, muscle, articular cartilage, fibrocartilage, ligaments, tendons, vessels, nerves, fat
  • contrast may be used
21
Q

list several example indications for CT (6)

A
  1. bone and soft tissue tumors
  2. fractures
  3. intra-articular abnormalities
  4. bone fragment detection
  5. bone mineral analysis (metabolic disorders)
  6. neuroimaging
22
Q

list several example indications for MRI (4)

A
  1. soft tissue trauma
  2. internal joint derangement
  3. tumors
  4. stress fractures
23
Q

list several example indications for ultrasonography (5)

A
  1. muscle, tendon, and ligament lesions
  2. cysts
  3. soft tissue tumor
  4. blood flow
  5. muscle function
24
Q

list several interventions where imaging would also be utilized (7)

A
  1. epidural steroid injections
  2. spinal nerve blocks
  3. radiofrequency ablation
  4. discography
  5. percutaneous needle biopsy of spine
  6. percutaneous vertebroplasty, kypoplasty, cementoplasty
  7. biofeedback with ultrasonography

Diagnostic Imaging EDITABLE (16 decks)

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