General Principles Flashcards
Absorbtion
A drug is moved from the site of administration to body fluids; first process during pharmacokinetics.
Adverse Reaction
Undesirable drug efffect
Allergic Reaction
Hypersensitivity reaction by the immune system; it presents as itching, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing
Anaphylactic shock
Sudden, severe hypersensitivity reaction with symptoms that progress rapidly and may result in death if not treated; also called anaphylactic reaction or anaphylactoid reaction.
Angioedema
Localized wheals or swellings in subcutaneous tissues or mucous membranes, which may be caused by an allergic response; also called angioneurotic edema
Bioavailability
The proportion of a drug available to body tissues when it reaches the circulatory system
Controlled Substances
Drugs that have the potential for abuse and dependency, both physical and psychological
Cumulative drug effect
When the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug before the next is given
Complementary/alternative medicine (CAM)
Group of diverse medical practices or products not presently part of conventional medicine
Distribution
Drug moves from circulation to body tissue or a target
Drug idiosyncrasy
Any unusual or abnormal response normally expected to a specific drug and dosage
Drug tolerance
Decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect
Excretion
Elimination of a drug from the body
First-pass effect
Action by which an oral drug is absorbed and carried directly to the liver, where it is inactivated by enzymes before or enters the general bloodstream
Half-life
Time required for the body to eliminate 50% of a drug
Herbal Medicine
Type of complementary/ alternative therapy that uses plants or herbs to treat various disorders; also called herbalism
Hypersensitive
Undesirable reaction produced by a normal immune system
Metabolism
Drug is changed to a form that can be excreted
Metabolism
Drug changed to a form that can be excreted
Metabolite
Inactive for of the original drug
Nonprescription drugs
Drugs designated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be safe (if taken as directed) and obtainable without a prescription; also called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.
Pharmaceutic
Pertaining to the phrase during which a drug dissolves in the body
Pharmacodynamics
Study of the drug mechanism that produce biochemical or physiological changes in the body.
Pharmacokinetics
Study of drug transit (or activity) after administration
Physical dependency
Habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation
Prescription drugs
Drugs the federal government has designated as potentially harmful unless their use is supervised by a license health care provider, such as a nurse practitioner, physician, or dentist
Psychological dependency
Compulsion or craving to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience
Receptor
In pharmacology, a reactive site on the surface of a cell; when a drug binds to and interacts with the receptor, a pharmacologic response occurs
Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS)
Program of the FDA, designed to monitor drugs that have a high risk compared with benefit ratio.
Teratogen
Drug or substance that causes abnormal development of the fetus, leading to deformities
Toxic
Poisonous or harmful
Define the term Pharmacology
The study of drugs and their action on living organisms.
Compare and contrast the different names assigned to drugs. (3 names)
Chemical name- describes molecular structure
Generic name- a nonproprietary name for marketing
Trade name- Brand name
Distinguish between prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and controlled substances.
P-prescribed by licensed health care provider
NonP- OTC, purchased without a prescription
Controlled- Carefully monitored and have high potential for dependency.
Discuss drug development in the United States
Can take 7-12 yrs or longer. FDA approves and monitors. Divided in two phases. Pre-FDA phase: In vitro phase-testing in artificial environment (tube testing-animal&human cells), then live animals, after an application for Investigational New Drug (IND) status. FDA phase: Clinical (human) testing (3phases)
1. 20-100 healthy volunteers to see what the drug does to healthy tissue. If successful
2. Drug is given to ppl with disease, if reactions are not too great negatively
3. Given to to ppl in medical research centers for more info on adverse reactions, can take years.
Now review for denial or approval and post marketing surveillance (phase4)
Compare and contrast the various types of drug activity and reactions produced in the body. (3 phrases) (1 phase is specific to the individual)
Pharmaceutic
Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacodynamic
Pharmaceutic Phase
Drug is dissolved. Must be soluble liquid meaning a pill goes through this phase in the GI tract. Enteric or time-released need the alkaline environment of small intestine to disintegrate.
Pharmacokinetic Phase (includes 4 activities and Drug actions)
Transportation.
1st Absorption-moves into body fluids
2nd Distribution- is in the circulatory system & distributed to various tissues & targets
3rd Metabolism- Biotransformation, body changes the drug to a more or less active form that can be excreted
4th Excretion-removal of drug and Half-life, time required to eliminate
Drug action-Onset, Peak, & Duration
Pharmacodynamics Phase (2 types of effects and 2 types of mechanism of action)
Primary effect-the desired or therapeutic effects on targeted tissue or organ.
Secondary effect- all other effects, desirable or undesirable.
MOA 1-Alteration in cellular function
MOA 2- Alteration in cellular environment
