General Principals

Question 1

Only the _____ form of a drug crosses biomembranes.

Answer 1

Non-ionized (uncharged)

Ionized = water soluble; Non-ionized = Lipid soluble

Question 2

4 Drugs that are weak acids

Answer 2

Aspirin;
Penicillins
Cephalasporins;
Loop + Thiazide diuretics

Question 3

4 Drugs that are weak bases

Answer 3

Morphine;
Local Anesthetics;
Amphetamines;
PCP

Question 4

3 Ways to acidify the urine and thus increase renal clearance of weak bases

Answer 4

NH4Cl;
Vitamin C;
Cranberry Juice

Question 5

2 ways to Alkalinize the urine and thus increase renal clearance of weak acids

Answer 5

NaHCO3;

Acetazolamide

Question 6

Fastest Route of absorbtion?

Answer 6

Inhalation

Question 7

Smallest drug known?

Answer 7

Lithium

Question 8

Modification of the drug molecule via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.

Answer 8

Phase I Biotransformation

Question 9

Conjugation with Endogenous compounds via the activity of Transferases

Answer 9

Phase II Biotransformation

Question 10

When/why do you see Grey Baby Syndrome

Answer 10

With Chloramphenical - due to low levels of Glucuronosyl transferase in neonates (a Phase II biotransformation reaction)

Question 11

When/Why do you get Drug-induced SLE (Recall - a + anti-histone antibodies)

Answer 11

With slow acetyaltors (Phase II Biotransformation) with Hydralazine > Procainamide > isoniazid

Question 12

Saturation. A CONSTANT amount of drug is eliminated per unit time. No fixed half-life.

Answer 12

Zero-order kinetics

Question 13

Drugs with zero-order elimination (3)

Answer 13

” 0 PEAs for me” Ethanol, Phenytoin, salicylates (ASA)

Question 14

A constant FRACTION of the drug is eliminated per unit time. half-life is constant

Answer 14

First-order kinetics

Question 15

What is used to estimate GFR b/c its not reabsorbed or secreted

Answer 15

Inulin (120 mL/min = nml)

Question 16

Time it takes to reach 95% of steady state

Answer 16

4-5 * Half-life

Question 17

(equation): Loading dose =

Answer 17

LD = Cp * Vd

Question 18

(equation) MD =

Answer 18

( [Plasma] @ SS * CL * T1/2) / f

Question 19

(Equation) Half-life =

Answer 19

T(0.5) = Vd/Cl

Question 20

How well a drug and a receptor recognize each other. inversely related to the Kd of the drug

Answer 20

Affinity

Question 21

The quantity of drug required to achieve a desired effect

Answer 21

Potency

Question 22

The maximal effect an agonist can achieve at the highest practical concentration

Answer 22

Efficacy

Question 23

____ Antagonists decrease affinity but not Vmax

Answer 23

Competitive

Question 24

_____ Antagonists decrease Vmax but do not change affinity

Answer 24

Noncompetitive

Question 25

Steroids, thyroid hormones, gonadal steroids and vitamin D all use what type of receptors

Answer 25

Intracellular

Question 26

MOA of NO

Answer 26

activates guanylyl cyclase thus increasing cGMP in smooth muscle (which dephosphorylates myosin light chains - preventing interaction with actin and thus cause vasodilation)