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Fundamentals of Pharmacology > General Principals > Flashcards

General Principals Flashcards

1
Q

Define- Drug

A

any chemical substance, natural or synthetic, which can affect living processes

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2
Q

Define- Pharmacology

A

the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

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3
Q

Define- Pharmacodynamics

A

the study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanism(s) underlying the drug effects

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4
Q

Define- Therapeutics (pharmacotherapeutics)

A

use of a drug to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease

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5
Q

Define- Toxicology

A

the study of adverse effects of drugs as they interact with living systems

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6
Q

Define- Pharmacy

A

the practice of preparing and dispensing drug and providing drug information and pharmaceutical care

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7
Q

Define- Schedule I

A

drugs with no medical use and high potential for abuse. Ex: heroin, meth, LSD

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8
Q

Define- Schedule V

A

drugs with low potential for abuse but are made with limited quantities of certain narcotics Ex: Pregabalin

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9
Q

Define- Selectivity

A

selective toward its receptor site & elicits only the response for which it is given

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10
Q

Define- Reversibility of action

A

typically only want temporary action for drugs. most drug action is terminated by metabolism to an inactive drug (biotransformation), by excretion (mostly through kidney), or by combination of these mechanisms

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11
Q

Define- Efficacy

Define- Efficacy at receptor level

A

effectiveness of a drug. Inherent ability of a drug to produce a certain degree of biological activity.

Receptor level: drugs ability to bind with a receptor and elicit a response

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12
Q

Define- Potency

A

biological activity per unit weight.

Ex: a potent drug produces a greater response at the same mg. dosage in comparison to another drug

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13
Q

Drug Mechanisms: Direct

A

drug combines with specific receptors in a cell or tissue to produce its response

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14
Q

Drug Mechanisms: reflex

A

drug exerts action by either stimulating or depressing a particular reflex system

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15
Q

Drug Mechanisms: antimetablolite

A

drug which is chemically similar to a naturally occurring metabolite and which competes and produces a deficiency of that metabolite in an essential biological system

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16
Q

Drug Mechanisms: Release

A

drug may produce its effect by causing release of endogenous chemicals such as neurotransmitters and hormones

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17
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms: receptors for hormones/neurotransmitters coupled with G-proteins

A

Adenylate cyclase/cAMP system
phospholipase C/inositol phosphate system
regulation of ion channels

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18
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms: Receptors for insulin + various growth factors

A

Tyrosine Kinase

Guanylate cyclase

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19
Q

Signal transduction mechanisms: Intracellular receptors

A

steroid and thyroid hormones & other agents

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20
Q

Define- Therapeutic Index and formula

A

Margin of safety.

Lethal dose in 50% over effective dose in 50%

21
Q

Ture or False: a small Therapeutic index is better for safety over a large number

A

False, a larger number means there is less overlap which means there is a larger margin for safety

22
Q

Define- Agonist

A

drugs that mimic endogenous regulatory molecules and ACTIVATE RECEPTORS (high affinity and high intrinsic efficacy

23
Q

Define- Antagonist

A

drugs that block endogenous regulatory molecules and PREVENT RECEPTOR ACTIVATION. (has affinity but NO INTRINSIC EFFICACY)

24
Q

Define- addictive drug effects (Summation)

A

summation of effects of 2 drugs (2 + 2 = 4)

25
Q

Define- Synergism

A

Effect of 2 drugfs in combination is greater than sum of drugs administered (2+2 = 5)

26
Q

How can drugs cross membranes?

A

they are lipid soluble
they have small molecular size
they are uncharged (non polar)
optimal pH

27
Q

True or False: drugs that are weak acids are unionized in the stomach and tend to be absorbed there

A

True

28
Q

True or False: drugs that are weak acids are unionized in the intestines and tend to be absorbed there

A

False: weak bases, not weak acids

29
Q

True or False: drugs that are weak bases are unionized in the stomach and tend to be absorbed there

A

False: weak acids, not weak bases

30
Q

True or false: drugs that are weak bases are unionized in the intestines and tends to be absorbed there

A

True

31
Q

Mechanisms of absorption include what? Hint (4 mechanisms)

A

Active Transport
Facilitated diffusion
P-Glycoproteins
Pino/phagocytosis

32
Q

What are P-Glycoproteins? (multidrug transporter proteins)

A

Transmembrane proteins that transports a wide variety of drugs OUT of cells.
present in: Brain capillaries, liver, kidneys, placenta, intestines

33
Q

Drug Storage depots. Hint: 4 depots

A

Fat
Liver
Bone
Skin

34
Q

Storage Depot: Fat, Why do drugs accumulate here?

A

drugs localize here because they are fat soluble

35
Q

Storage Depot: Liver, Why do drugs accumulate here?

A

many drugs have high affinity for hepatic cells

36
Q

Storage Depot: Bone, Why do drugs accumulate here?

A

Tetracyclines have chelating properties and are deposited in areas of calcium, especially bone and teeth

37
Q

Storage Depot: skin, Why do drugs accumulate here?

A

drugs localize in skin due to affinity for certain binding sites. Ex: lead in hair; griseofulvin in keratin

38
Q

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is found where and does what?

A

Found: liver, small intestines & other tissues
Function: metabolism (biotransformation)

39
Q

Metabolism: induction

A

stimulation of hepatic drug metabolism by some drugs. Enzyme inducers stimulate their own metabolism and also accelerate metabolism of other drugs.

40
Q

Metabolic reactions Include: hint 2 types

A

Conjugation

Non-synthetic reactions:

41
Q

Define- Metabolic reactions: Conjugation (2 parts)

A

synthetic reaction combining the parent drug with a sugar, amino acid, glucuronic acid, or other naturally occurring compound

Makes drug more polar, water-soluble for excretion by kidneys

42
Q

define- metabolic reactions: non-synthetic reactions

A

oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis (inactivates drug)

43
Q

define- Prodrug

A

drugs that are administered in an inactive form and rely on metabolism to convert them to an active substance

44
Q

First-pass Effect:

A

significant or complete metabolic inactivation of some drugs by the liver following oral administration.

45
Q

Define- Enterohepatic recirculation

A

some drugs or their metabolites, which are concentrated in bile then excreted into the intestines, can be reabsorbed into the blood stream from the lower GI tract

46
Q

Metabolic Tolerance

A

due to accelerated drug metabolism

47
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

adaptive processes from chronic receptor occupation

48
Q

tachyphylaxis

A

a very rapid tolerance occurring with the first few doses of a drug

49
Q

What are the 5 drug administration factors?

A 
amount of drug given
route
bioavailability
degree of exposure to a drug
multiple drug therapy and drug interactions

Fundamentals of Pharmacology (4 decks)

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