General prac study 2 Flashcards
During prenatal development, the procencephalon divides into the ______ and the _______, which then subdivide into the thalamus, hypothalamus and retina and the cerebrtal cortex and basal ganglia respectively
During prenatal development, the procencephalon divides into the diencephalon and the telencephalon.
The hypothalamus receives a major input from the ____
The hypothalamus receives a major input from the amygdala
What is one of the ways the hypothalamus regulate behaviours essential for homeostasis and reproduction such as eating, drinking, sexual and maternal behaviours, and processes such as growth?
By regulating hormonal excretions to the pituitary gland
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (“nucleus over the chiasm”), receives direct input from the retinae and regulates circadian rhythms. Where is it found?
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the hypothalamus
Which space holds the mamillary bodies?
The interpenduncular fossa
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the ____
The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
The pineal gland (‘jetlag gland’), which produces melatonin, receives light information indirectly from the retina via which nucleus?
The pineal gland (‘jetlag gland’), which produces melatonin, receives light information indirectly from the retina via suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
The habenula and pineal gland are both found above the thalamus. Therefore, they form the ______
The habenula and pineal gland are both found above the thalamus. Therefore, they form the epithalamus
What is the choroid plexus, what does it do and where is it found?
The chroroid plexus produces CSF, it’s found in the lateral and 4th ventricles
Loss of pigmentation in the substantia nigra is indicative of what disorder?
Parkinsons
Along with the hypthalamus, the thalamus forms part of the wall of which ventricle?
Along with the hypthalamus, the thalamus forms part of the wall of the 3rd ventricle
The anterior nucleus, the mediodorsal nucleus, the pulvinar, the medial and the lateral geniculate nuclei are all visible on the surface of which major nucleui hub?
The anterior nucleus, the mediodorsal nucleus, the pulvinar, the medial and the lateral geniculate nuclei are all visible on the surface of the thalamus
The largest nucleus of the thalamus, which is an important component of the visual attention network, particularly in initiating saccades and orienting the head to visual stimuli is the _____
The largest nucleus of the thalamus, which is an important component of the visual attention network, particularly in initiating saccades and orienting the head to visual stimuli is the pulvinar
The brachia (plural for brachium- arm) connect which structures?
The brachia connect the superior collicus with the lateral geniculate nucleus and the inferior colliculus with the medial geniculate nucleus
What kind of information does the internal capsule transmit?
The internal capsule transmits motor and sensory information to and from the cortex
This structure, part of the limbic thalamus, projects information to the cingulate cortex via the mammillary bodies. It is the ____ ____
This structure, part of the limbic thalamus, projects information to the cingulate cortex via the mammillary bodies. It is the anterior tubercle
The fornix connects the hippocampus to the _____ and the _____
The fornix connects the hippocampus to the thalamus and the hypothalamus
Which gyrus is between the inferior temporal gyrsu and the parahippocampal gyrus?
the fusiform gyrus is between the inferior temporal gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus
Which part of the cerebellum forms the lowest part of the brain, and sits just above the foramen magnum?
What does this part look like?
The cerebellar nodules form the lowest part of the brain, sitting just above the foramen magnum.
The cerebellar tonsils look like flaps
The nucleus accumbens, the merger of the head of caudate and the putamen, is associated with what type of process?
The nucleus accumbens is associated with reward and learning
What are the 5 regions of the cerebellum?
The 5 regions of the cerebellum are:
-Vermis
- Flocculus
- Nodule
- Anterior lobe
- Posterior lobe
The 5 regions of the cerebellum can be divided into 3 functional groups: Spinocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum and cerebrocerebellum.
Which regions belong to which group, and what are the general inputs for each group?
The vermis belongs to the spinocerebellum group, it’s input if proprioceptive information (eg dorsal columns, spinocereblellar and CNV).
The flocculus and nodule belong to the vestibulocerebellar group. Their input is vestibular and eye movement.
The anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes belong to the cerebrocerebellar functional group. They receive cortical input.
There are 5 destinations for the retinal ganglion cells, and only one relates to conscious vision perception. What is it, and where is it located?
The retinal ganglion destination that relates to the special sense vision is the LGN of the thalamus
What are the 4 destinations of the retinal ganglion projections (into 2 parts of the midbrain, the thalamus and the hypothalamus) which relate to unconscious processes?
- The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
- The superior colliculus of the midbrain
- The pretectal nucleus of the midbrain (projects to CNIII for reflexive eye movement and light information)
- The pulvinar of the thalamus (saccades, maintain direction of head during eye movement etc)
Major neuronal myelination occurs during development until what age?
Major neuronal myelination occurs during development until mid 20s
What is the mesoderm?
Progenitor of the vertebral column formed in mesoderm; ie, the notochord becomes the spinal chord
____ _____ ____ migrate to form peripheral nervous system components:
cranial, dorsal root & autonomic ganglia, Schwann cells,
meninges, bones and muscles of the head
Neural crest cells migrate to form peripheral nervous system components:
cranial, dorsal root & autonomic ganglia, Schwann cells,
meninges, bones and muscles of the head
What is the difference between the ventricular zone and the sub-ventricular zone in neural development?
The ventricular zone gives rise to evolutionarily older structures (deep grey nuclei such as the thalamus), whereas the sub-ventricular zone gives rise to the cerebral cortex.