General Poultry And Livestock Feeding Flashcards
1
Q
What are the pre-requisites to a productive animal production?
A
-proper nutrition
-health care
-good management
2
Q
Is rationing feeds short of the proper volume or standard requirement in both quantity and nutritional level
A
Underfeeding
3
Q
Is giving more feed beyond the standard level both in volume and in nutritional requirement this resulting to a very expensive feed ration with low net return in terms of feed conversion
A
Overfeeding
4
Q
Is feeding enough feedstuff with unbalanced nutritional level, which usually results to nutritional deficiency as when giving ration rich in carbohydrates but less in protein
A
Unbalanced feeding
5
Q
Chemical substances found in feed materials that can be used and are necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals
A
Nutrients
6
Q
Are needed by animals in definite amounts varying with age, function, use etc.
A
Nutrients
7
Q
Is the part of a feedstuff that can be digested or broken down
A
Digestible nutrient
8
Q
Are efficient users of roughage
A
Ruminants and horses
9
Q
Fiber in roughage is not easily digested
A
10
Q
What are the 3 basic functions of feed nutrients
A
- As Structural materials for building and maintaining the body structure
- As sources of energy for heat production, work, and/or fat deposition
- As regulators of body processes/activities and as constituents of body-produced regulators
11
Q
Give the reasons why animals need feeds
A
*maintenance
*growth
*reproduction
*lactation
*working
*other products and uses
12
Q
The total amount of feed an animal gets in a 24 hour period
A
Ration
13
Q
A ration that provides all of the nutrients needed by the animal in the right amount and proportion
A
Balanced ration
14
Q
Type and amount of feed and water an animal eats
A
Diet
15
Q
What are the 6 types of materials that provide nutrients
A
carbohydrates
fats
protein
minerals
vitamins
water
16
Q
*More abundant and cheaper
*Very easily digested and turned into
body fat
*Easier storage than fats
A
Carbohydrates
17
Q
*Complex compounds made of amino
acids
*In all plant and animal cells
*Nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25
tells the amount of protein
*Plants make their own protein
A
proteins
18
Q
Some are created by the body, nonessential
A
amino acids
19
Q
are the inorganic elements of
animals and plants
A
minerals
20
Q
it is Determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue (called Ash)
A
minerals
21
Q
Minerals
*2 to 5% of animal are minerals (bones, teeth, part of blood, fluids)
*Regulate many vital processes
*18 essential mineral elements
*Deficiency=loss of production
A
22
Q
Minerals
*Free choice or in ration
*Supplement for deficiency only
*Trace minerals in areas where soil is
deficient
A
23
Q
enumerate some Macrominerals
A
*Salt
*Calcium
*Phosphorus
*Magnesium
*Potassium
*Sulfur
24
Q
enumerate some microminerals
A
*Chromium
*Cobalt
*Copper
*Fluorine
*Iodine
*Iron
*Manganese
*Molybdenum
*Selenium
*Silicon
*Zinc
25
enumerate the functions of animals
*Give strength to skeleton
*Part of protein
*Activate enzyme systems
*Control fluid balance
*Regulate acid-base balance
*Exert effects on nerves / muscles
*Engage in mineral-vitamin relation.
26
*Required in minute amounts for normal growth
*Specific functions
*Fat soluble or water soluble
vitamins
27
what are the Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A, D, E, K
28
enumerate some water soluble vitamins
*Biotin
*Choline
*Folic Acid
*Inositol
*Niacin
*Pantothenic Acid
(B-3)
*PABA
*Riboflavin (B-2)
*Thiamine (B-1)
*B-6
*B-12
*C
*All but C are from
the B family
29
what is the Most vital of all nutrients
water
30
WHAT ARE THE 3 WAYS SUPPLEMENTS ARE
PREPARED
*Blocks
*Liquids
*Mixes
31
Energy Feeds
*Energy needed for all life processes
*Deficiency: slow or stunted growth, body tissue loss, lowered production of
meat, milk, eggs, fiber
*Carbohydrates most important source
of energy, than fats
32
are superior for
monogastrics
Animal Proteins
33
are abundant in essential
amino acids
milk and eggs
34
Essential Amino Acids
*Most likely AA to be deficient are:
-Lysine, Methionine, and Tryptophan
-Cereal grains are low in these
-Rations with high amounts of cereal grains require supplements with proteins
with higher levels of these amino acids
35
are high in TDN and
high in protein.
protein supplements
36
what are the 3 types of protein supplements
1. animal
2. plants
3. synthetic
37
3 types of protein supplements
1.Animal
-meat scraps and tankage, blood meal, fish meal,
and skim milk.
2. Plant
-soybean oil meal, cotton seed meal and various
grain by-products.
3. Synthetic
-urea, molasses, rice hulls, and citrus pulp treated
with ammonia.
38
is any ingredient, or material, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining
them
feedstuff
39
*most provide one or more nutrients
*nonnutritives = flavor, color,
palatability, adding bulk, preservatives
feedstuff
40
enumerate the feed classifications
*Roughages
*Concentrates
*By-product feeds
*Protein Supplements
*Minerals
*Vitamins
*Special Feeds
*Additives, Implants, & Injections
41
enumerate the 5 types of roughages
1. pastures
2. hay
3. crop residues
4. silage
5. haylage
42
-varies more than any other feed
-harvest at optimum time
-cure properly 20% moisture or less
hay
43
-left in field after harvest
-straw, corn stalks, etc
-fed to right class of animal & supplement
crop residues
44
*fermented forage plants
-mostly corn or sorghum
-2 1/2 to 3% silage replaces 1% hay due to
lower dry matter content of silage
silage
45
*low moisture silage
-grass or legume wilted to 40-60% moisture
before ensiling
-more dry matter & feed value
haylage
46
enumerate the other roughages
*cottonseed hulls
*corncobs
*sawdust
*beet tops
*root crops
*oat hulls
*peanut hay
*newspapers
47
Concentrates
*Feeds high in energy an low in fiber
(under 18%)
*Availability and Price
*Need to substitute concentrates for
each other as price changes
*Corn, Sorghum, barley, rye, oats,
wheat, triticale
48
are high in TDN but do not
provide a balanced ration.
grains
49
is the most widely used grain.
corn
50
*Feeds left over from animal and plant processing or industrial manufacturing
*Roughage and Concentrate
By-Product Feeds
51
By-Product Feeds
*Milling by-products from:
-cereal grains
-oilseeds
-root crops
-dried beet pulp and tops
-distillery and brewing
-unused bakery products
-fruits and nuts
52
By-Product Feeds
*Effective & Profitable Use:
-price
-composition be known
-palatable and consumed
-not adversely affect carcass quality
53
Protein Supplements
*More than 20% protein
*Animal Protein Supplements
i-nedible tissues from meat packing
-surplus milk products
-marine sources
-feather meal (85% protein) poor quality, must be hydrolized, less than 5% in hog ration
54
Protein Supplements
*Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources (NPN)
-Ruminants - microorganisms (simple plants) in rumen convert nitrogen into
protein
55
is made from anhydrous ammonia, is the end product in nearly all mammals
urea
56
Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources
(NPN)
-Fertilizer, Feed Additive, Plastics
-Urea = 281% protein
-Max Limits of use of Urea (25% of
protein for pregnant cows)
57
Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources
(NPN)
-Single-celled protein (SCP)
-protein from single-celled organisms: yeast, bacteria, fungi, algea
-Grown in: sewage, petroleum by-products, sawdust etc.
58
can make 10 times as much
protein as soybeans per acre
algea
59
Vitamin Supplements
*Vitamins are destroyed by heat,
sunlight, oxidation, mold growth
*Adult Ruminants: A, D, E
-synthesize B, C, K vitamins
-sunlight = Vit. D
*Hogs: need vitamin supplements
60
is the first milk given by mammals after parturition
colostrum
61
Special Feeds
*Colostrum: first milk given by mammals
after parturition
-contains antibodies
-within 15 min to 4 hours
-surplus colostrum can be frozen for up to a
year or more
-can feed cow colostrum to lambs etc., but
some diseases are species specific
62
enumerate the 5 types of special feeds
1. colostrum
2. milk replacers
3. fats and oils
4. fat
5. molasses
63
Milk Replacers
-can’t replace colostrum
-is fortified with vitamins, minerals &
antibiotics
-higher fat causes diarrhea
64
Fats and Oils
-acidulated soap stock, tallows, greases
65
Fat
-increases calories of ration (2 1/4 times
energy of carbohydrates)
-controls dust
-animals don’t like dusty rations
-lessens wear on feed mixing equip.
66
Molasses
-by-product from sugar manufacture
-3/4 energy value of corn
-appetizer
-reduce dust, pellet binder
-stimulate rumen activity
67
Substance when disolved in water it
enables solution to conduct electric current
Electrolytes
68
ELECTROLYTES
-Salts (saline)
-Replenish fluids lost from:
-dehydration
-diarrhea
-hemorrhage
-vomiting
-Give orally if possible
-Intraveneously if life threatening
-Subcutaneous possible
-Check with veterinarian
-7-10% of body wt in 24 hrs
69
Flavoring Agents
*Increase palatability & feed intake
*Many additives taste or smell bad
70
Chemicals released by a specific area of the body, transported to another, to
bring about a physiological response
hormones
71
Hormones
*BST: dairy cattle
-naturally occurs in all milk
-not a growth promotant
*PST: swine
-similar to BST
*MGA: nonpregnant heifers
-suppresses estrus
-promotes growth
72
*Feed additives that change the metabolism within the rumen by altering the rumen microorganisms
*“Bovatec” & “Rumensin”
ionophores
73
enumerate other additives
1. mold inhibitors
2. probiotics
3. steroids
4. tranquilizers
74
microbial cultures
probiotics
75
increase muscle mass and eliminate pain
steroids
76
quieting and curbing activity
tranquilizers
77
Feed Substitution
-Substituting feeds as price changes
-Feed composition be known
-Palatability & Quality
-Some require preparation (grinding or
rolling)
78
what are the 2 types of feed processing
1. heat treatments
2. moisture alterations
79
steam rolling, longer steaming period
flaking
80
compacting and forcing
through a die
pelleting
81
Feed Processing: Moisture
Alterations
*Bran Mash: steamed wheat bran (horses) wheat bran in pail, add boiling
water, cover, let stand
*Drying (Dehydrating): <14%
*Reconstituted Grain: add water to grain (25-30%), stored in silo 15-21
days
82
Feed Processing
*Blocks: 30-50#
-mineral, protein, energy
*Liquid Supplements: water, molasses, & urea, trace min & vit
*Fermenting: ensiling
*Hydroponics: sprouted grains
*Unprocessed corn: off cob
83
enumerate the forage processing methods
*grinding
*shredding
*cubing (wafering)
*drying
*ensiling
*pelleting
84
*Chopping
-cut down to 2”
-dusty
-leaf loss possible in field chopping
85
*Grinding
-less than 1” lengths
-more costly
-swine and poultry
-not desired for ruminants (pass through
rumen to quickly)
-add molasses to control dust
86
*Shredding
-similar to chopping, stems cut longitudinally rather than crosswise
-coarse forages (fodder, stover)
87
*Cubing (wafering)
-compressing coarsely cut hay into cubes 1 1/4” square by 2” long
-30-32# per cubic foot
-relatively coarse material
horses can choke on cubes
88
*Drying
-hay taken from field, chopped, dried by heat
-costly
-swine and poultry
89
*Ensiling: moist forage stored in a silo in absence of air
-2-3 weeks to cure
-Very versatile
-all forages
90
*Pelleting: ground forage forced through a steel die & compressing in round or rectangular mass & cut to
length
-add binding agents
-requires fine grinding
-improves quality of poor forages
-easier handling
91
Miscellaneous Processing
Methods
*Ammoniation: low nitrogen feeds
*Animal Waste Processing: chicken
waste fed to ruminants
*Deep Stacking: heat kills microbes
*Ensiling: heat kills microbes
*Fat Added
*Molasses added
*Preservatives:
-Hay: organic acids (up to 28% moist)
-Hay: anhydrous ammonia (30%)
92
Treatment of High
Cellulose Feeds
*Straw- open fibers to inc. digestion
*Alkali Treatment: sodium hydroxide
*High Pressure Steaming (wood)
-digestibility up to 60%
-high cost
93
Treatment of High
Cellulose Feeds
*Ammoniation Treatment: air tight enclosure, add 3% Anhydrous Ammonia
for 20 days
-adds non-protein nitrogen (inc. CP 3-10%)
-no residue left
-inc. animal intake & prevents mold
*AA is dangerous (flamable, toxic to skin
& eyes)
94
enumerate the 6 desirable qualities of animal feeds
1. Digestible
2.Nutritious
3. Balance/Complete
4. Palatable
5. Clean
6. Affordable
95
what are the 5 Common Methods of Feed Preparation
1.Cooking
2.Steaming
3.Cutting
4.Fermenting/silage making
5.Peletting
96
what are the 3 Common Forms of Feeds
1. meal form
2. crumble form
3. pellet form
97
is the usual end products resulting from mixing of feedstuffs.
meal form
98
is the process of grinding pellets into a coarse granular
form.
crumbling
99
are commonly used during the starter and growing stages of animals.
crumbles
100
is the process of compressing mash feeds with the aid of lives steam to produce small chunks or cylinders of feed.
peletting
101
enumerate the 7 feed types
1.Booster/prestarter
2.Starter
3.Grower
4.Finisher
5.Layer
6.Breeder
7.lactating
102
enumerate the 4 types of systems of feeding
1.Restricted feeding vs Ad libitum feeding
2.Individual feeding vs group feeding
3.Trough feeding vs floor feeding
4.Dry feeding vs wet feeding
103
