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ZOTC 11 > General Poultry And Livestock Feeding > Flashcards

General Poultry And Livestock Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pre-requisites to a productive animal production?

A

-proper nutrition
-health care
-good management

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2
Q

Is rationing feeds short of the proper volume or standard requirement in both quantity and nutritional level

A

Underfeeding

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3
Q

Is giving more feed beyond the standard level both in volume and in nutritional requirement this resulting to a very expensive feed ration with low net return in terms of feed conversion

A

Overfeeding

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4
Q

Is feeding enough feedstuff with unbalanced nutritional level, which usually results to nutritional deficiency as when giving ration rich in carbohydrates but less in protein

A

Unbalanced feeding

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5
Q

Chemical substances found in feed materials that can be used and are necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals

A

Nutrients

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6
Q

Are needed by animals in definite amounts varying with age, function, use etc.

A

Nutrients

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7
Q

Is the part of a feedstuff that can be digested or broken down

A

Digestible nutrient

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8
Q

Are efficient users of roughage

A

Ruminants and horses

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9
Q

Fiber in roughage is not easily digested

A
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10
Q

What are the 3 basic functions of feed nutrients

A
  1. As Structural materials for building and maintaining the body structure
  2. As sources of energy for heat production, work, and/or fat deposition
  3. As regulators of body processes/activities and as constituents of body-produced regulators
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11
Q

Give the reasons why animals need feeds

A

*maintenance
*growth
*reproduction
*lactation
*working
*other products and uses

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12
Q

The total amount of feed an animal gets in a 24 hour period

A

Ration

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13
Q

A ration that provides all of the nutrients needed by the animal in the right amount and proportion

A

Balanced ration

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14
Q

Type and amount of feed and water an animal eats

A

Diet

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15
Q

What are the 6 types of materials that provide nutrients

A

carbohydrates
fats
protein
minerals
vitamins
water

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16
Q

*More abundant and cheaper
*Very easily digested and turned into
body fat
*Easier storage than fats

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

*Complex compounds made of amino
acids
*In all plant and animal cells
*Nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25
tells the amount of protein
*Plants make their own protein

A

proteins

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18
Q

Some are created by the body, nonessential

A

amino acids

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19
Q

are the inorganic elements of
animals and plants

A

minerals

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20
Q

it is Determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue (called Ash)

A

minerals

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21
Q

Minerals
*2 to 5% of animal are minerals (bones, teeth, part of blood, fluids)
*Regulate many vital processes
*18 essential mineral elements
*Deficiency=loss of production

A
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22
Q

Minerals
*Free choice or in ration
*Supplement for deficiency only
*Trace minerals in areas where soil is
deficient

A
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23
Q

enumerate some Macrominerals

A

*Salt
*Calcium
*Phosphorus
*Magnesium
*Potassium
*Sulfur

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24
Q

enumerate some microminerals

A

*Chromium
*Cobalt
*Copper
*Fluorine
*Iodine
*Iron
*Manganese
*Molybdenum
*Selenium
*Silicon
*Zinc

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25
Q

enumerate the functions of animals

A

*Give strength to skeleton
*Part of protein
*Activate enzyme systems
*Control fluid balance
*Regulate acid-base balance
*Exert effects on nerves / muscles
*Engage in mineral-vitamin relation.

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26
Q

*Required in minute amounts for normal growth
*Specific functions
*Fat soluble or water soluble

A

vitamins

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27
Q

what are the Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K

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28
Q

enumerate some water soluble vitamins

A

*Biotin
*Choline
*Folic Acid
*Inositol
*Niacin
*Pantothenic Acid
(B-3)
*PABA
*Riboflavin (B-2)
*Thiamine (B-1)
*B-6
*B-12
*C
*All but C are from
the B family

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29
Q

what is the Most vital of all nutrients

A

water

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30
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 WAYS SUPPLEMENTS ARE
PREPARED

A

*Blocks
*Liquids
*Mixes

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31
Q

Energy Feeds
*Energy needed for all life processes
*Deficiency: slow or stunted growth, body tissue loss, lowered production of
meat, milk, eggs, fiber
*Carbohydrates most important source
of energy, than fats

A
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32
Q

are superior for
monogastrics

A

Animal Proteins

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33
Q

are abundant in essential
amino acids

A

milk and eggs

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34
Q

Essential Amino Acids
*Most likely AA to be deficient are:

-Lysine, Methionine, and Tryptophan
-Cereal grains are low in these
-Rations with high amounts of cereal grains require supplements with proteins
with higher levels of these amino acids

A
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35
Q

are high in TDN and
high in protein.

A

protein supplements

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36
Q

what are the 3 types of protein supplements

A
  1. animal
  2. plants
  3. synthetic
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37
Q

3 types of protein supplements
1.Animal
-meat scraps and tankage, blood meal, fish meal,
and skim milk.
2. Plant
-soybean oil meal, cotton seed meal and various
grain by-products.
3. Synthetic
-urea, molasses, rice hulls, and citrus pulp treated
with ammonia.

A
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38
Q

is any ingredient, or material, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining
them

A

feedstuff

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39
Q

*most provide one or more nutrients
*nonnutritives = flavor, color,
palatability, adding bulk, preservatives

A

feedstuff

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40
Q

enumerate the feed classifications

A

*Roughages
*Concentrates
*By-product feeds
*Protein Supplements
*Minerals
*Vitamins
*Special Feeds
*Additives, Implants, & Injections

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41
Q

enumerate the 5 types of roughages

A
  1. pastures
  2. hay
  3. crop residues
  4. silage
  5. haylage
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42
Q

-varies more than any other feed
-harvest at optimum time
-cure properly 20% moisture or less

A

hay

43
Q

-left in field after harvest
-straw, corn stalks, etc
-fed to right class of animal & supplement

A

crop residues

44
Q

*fermented forage plants
-mostly corn or sorghum
-2 1/2 to 3% silage replaces 1% hay due to
lower dry matter content of silage

A

silage

45
Q

*low moisture silage
-grass or legume wilted to 40-60% moisture
before ensiling
-more dry matter & feed value

A

haylage

46
Q

enumerate the other roughages

A

*cottonseed hulls
*corncobs
*sawdust
*beet tops
*root crops
*oat hulls
*peanut hay
*newspapers

47
Q

Concentrates
*Feeds high in energy an low in fiber
(under 18%)
*Availability and Price
*Need to substitute concentrates for
each other as price changes
*Corn, Sorghum, barley, rye, oats,
wheat, triticale

A
48
Q

are high in TDN but do not
provide a balanced ration.

A

grains

49
Q

is the most widely used grain.

A

corn

50
Q

*Feeds left over from animal and plant processing or industrial manufacturing
*Roughage and Concentrate

A

By-Product Feeds

51
Q

By-Product Feeds
*Milling by-products from:
-cereal grains
-oilseeds
-root crops
-dried beet pulp and tops
-distillery and brewing
-unused bakery products
-fruits and nuts

A
52
Q

By-Product Feeds
*Effective & Profitable Use:
-price
-composition be known
-palatable and consumed
-not adversely affect carcass quality

A
53
Q

Protein Supplements
*More than 20% protein
*Animal Protein Supplements
i-nedible tissues from meat packing
-surplus milk products
-marine sources
-feather meal (85% protein) poor quality, must be hydrolized, less than 5% in hog ration

A
54
Q

Protein Supplements
*Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources (NPN)
-Ruminants - microorganisms (simple plants) in rumen convert nitrogen into
protein

A
55
Q

is made from anhydrous ammonia, is the end product in nearly all mammals

A

urea

56
Q

Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources
(NPN)
-Fertilizer, Feed Additive, Plastics
-Urea = 281% protein
-Max Limits of use of Urea (25% of
protein for pregnant cows)

A
57
Q

Nonprotein Nitrogen Sources
(NPN)
-Single-celled protein (SCP)
-protein from single-celled organisms: yeast, bacteria, fungi, algea
-Grown in: sewage, petroleum by-products, sawdust etc.

A
58
Q

can make 10 times as much
protein as soybeans per acre

A

algea

59
Q

Vitamin Supplements
*Vitamins are destroyed by heat,
sunlight, oxidation, mold growth
*Adult Ruminants: A, D, E
-synthesize B, C, K vitamins
-sunlight = Vit. D
*Hogs: need vitamin supplements

A
60
Q

is the first milk given by mammals after parturition

A

colostrum

61
Q

Special Feeds
*Colostrum: first milk given by mammals
after parturition
-contains antibodies
-within 15 min to 4 hours
-surplus colostrum can be frozen for up to a
year or more
-can feed cow colostrum to lambs etc., but
some diseases are species specific

A
62
Q

enumerate the 5 types of special feeds

A
  1. colostrum
  2. milk replacers
  3. fats and oils
  4. fat
  5. molasses
63
Q

Milk Replacers
-can’t replace colostrum
-is fortified with vitamins, minerals &
antibiotics
-higher fat causes diarrhea

A
64
Q

Fats and Oils
-acidulated soap stock, tallows, greases

A
65
Q

Fat
-increases calories of ration (2 1/4 times
energy of carbohydrates)
-controls dust
-animals don’t like dusty rations
-lessens wear on feed mixing equip.

A
66
Q

Molasses
-by-product from sugar manufacture
-3/4 energy value of corn
-appetizer
-reduce dust, pellet binder
-stimulate rumen activity

A
67
Q

Substance when disolved in water it
enables solution to conduct electric current

A

Electrolytes

68
Q

ELECTROLYTES

A

-Salts (saline)
-Replenish fluids lost from:
-dehydration
-diarrhea
-hemorrhage
-vomiting
-Give orally if possible
-Intraveneously if life threatening
-Subcutaneous possible
-Check with veterinarian
-7-10% of body wt in 24 hrs

69
Q

Flavoring Agents
*Increase palatability & feed intake
*Many additives taste or smell bad

A
70
Q

Chemicals released by a specific area of the body, transported to another, to
bring about a physiological response

A

hormones

71
Q

Hormones
*BST: dairy cattle
-naturally occurs in all milk
-not a growth promotant
*PST: swine
-similar to BST
*MGA: nonpregnant heifers
-suppresses estrus
-promotes growth

A
72
Q

*Feed additives that change the metabolism within the rumen by altering the rumen microorganisms
*“Bovatec” & “Rumensin”

A

ionophores

73
Q

enumerate other additives

A
  1. mold inhibitors
  2. probiotics
  3. steroids
  4. tranquilizers
74
Q

microbial cultures

A

probiotics

75
Q

increase muscle mass and eliminate pain

A

steroids

76
Q

quieting and curbing activity

A

tranquilizers

77
Q

Feed Substitution
-Substituting feeds as price changes
-Feed composition be known
-Palatability & Quality
-Some require preparation (grinding or
rolling)

A
78
Q

what are the 2 types of feed processing

A
  1. heat treatments
  2. moisture alterations
79
Q

steam rolling, longer steaming period

A

flaking

80
Q

compacting and forcing
through a die

A

pelleting

81
Q

Feed Processing: Moisture
Alterations
*Bran Mash: steamed wheat bran (horses) wheat bran in pail, add boiling
water, cover, let stand
*Drying (Dehydrating): <14%
*Reconstituted Grain: add water to grain (25-30%), stored in silo 15-21
days

A
82
Q

Feed Processing
*Blocks: 30-50#
-mineral, protein, energy
*Liquid Supplements: water, molasses, & urea, trace min & vit
*Fermenting: ensiling
*Hydroponics: sprouted grains
*Unprocessed corn: off cob

A
83
Q

enumerate the forage processing methods

A

*grinding
*shredding
*cubing (wafering)
*drying
*ensiling
*pelleting

84
Q

*Chopping
-cut down to 2”
-dusty
-leaf loss possible in field chopping

A
85
Q

*Grinding
-less than 1” lengths
-more costly
-swine and poultry
-not desired for ruminants (pass through
rumen to quickly)
-add molasses to control dust

A
86
Q

*Shredding
-similar to chopping, stems cut longitudinally rather than crosswise
-coarse forages (fodder, stover)

A
87
Q

*Cubing (wafering)
-compressing coarsely cut hay into cubes 1 1/4” square by 2” long
-30-32# per cubic foot
-relatively coarse material
horses can choke on cubes

A
88
Q

*Drying
-hay taken from field, chopped, dried by heat
-costly
-swine and poultry

A
89
Q

*Ensiling: moist forage stored in a silo in absence of air
-2-3 weeks to cure
-Very versatile
-all forages

A
90
Q

*Pelleting: ground forage forced through a steel die & compressing in round or rectangular mass & cut to
length
-add binding agents
-requires fine grinding
-improves quality of poor forages
-easier handling

A
91
Q

Miscellaneous Processing
Methods
*Ammoniation: low nitrogen feeds
*Animal Waste Processing: chicken
waste fed to ruminants
*Deep Stacking: heat kills microbes
*Ensiling: heat kills microbes
*Fat Added
*Molasses added
*Preservatives:
-Hay: organic acids (up to 28% moist)
-Hay: anhydrous ammonia (30%)

A
92
Q

Treatment of High
Cellulose Feeds
*Straw- open fibers to inc. digestion
*Alkali Treatment: sodium hydroxide
*High Pressure Steaming (wood)
-digestibility up to 60%
-high cost

A
93
Q

Treatment of High
Cellulose Feeds
*Ammoniation Treatment: air tight enclosure, add 3% Anhydrous Ammonia
for 20 days
-adds non-protein nitrogen (inc. CP 3-10%)
-no residue left
-inc. animal intake & prevents mold
*AA is dangerous (flamable, toxic to skin
& eyes)

A
94
Q

enumerate the 6 desirable qualities of animal feeds

A
  1. Digestible
    2.Nutritious
  2. Balance/Complete
  3. Palatable
  4. Clean
  5. Affordable
95
Q

what are the 5 Common Methods of Feed Preparation

A

1.Cooking
2.Steaming
3.Cutting
4.Fermenting/silage making
5.Peletting

96
Q

what are the 3 Common Forms of Feeds

A
  1. meal form
  2. crumble form
  3. pellet form
97
Q

is the usual end products resulting from mixing of feedstuffs.

A

meal form

98
Q

is the process of grinding pellets into a coarse granular
form.

A

crumbling

99
Q

are commonly used during the starter and growing stages of animals.

A

crumbles

100
Q

is the process of compressing mash feeds with the aid of lives steam to produce small chunks or cylinders of feed.

A

peletting

101
Q

enumerate the 7 feed types

A

1.Booster/prestarter
2.Starter
3.Grower
4.Finisher
5.Layer
6.Breeder
7.lactating

102
Q

enumerate the 4 types of systems of feeding

A

1.Restricted feeding vs Ad libitum feeding
2.Individual feeding vs group feeding
3.Trough feeding vs floor feeding
4.Dry feeding vs wet feeding

103
Q
A

ZOTC 11 (2 decks)

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