general physical chem Flashcards
identifying condensation as type of rxn
2 reactants -> 1 product
identifying elimination as type of rxn
- 1 reactant -> 1 product with new π bond
- H2O as product
reasons why specific substance can be described as catalyst
- catalyst as it
- provides an alternative rxn pathway of lower Ea
- is regenerated in the rxn
- homogenous catalyst as it is in same phase as reactants
- heterogenous catalyst as it is in different phase as reactants
identifying reactant as role of species
species is consumed in the overall process of …
explanation for increase in successive IE
- nuclear charge remains the same
since no of protons (that exert an attraction for the remaining electrons) remain the same - shielding effect decreases since there is now 1 less electron
- thus effective nuclear charge increases
- stronger electrostatic foa betwen nucleus and valence electrons
- increasing amt of energy needed to remove another electron from the more positively charged gaseous ion
Reactions of aq. silver nitrate Ag(NO3) with halide ions (specifically Cl-, I- and Br-), followed by addition of aq ammonia (NH3)
- Upon addition of Ag(NO3) …
- Cl- and I-:
white ppt of AgCl /
yellow ppt of AgI forms
as the IP of AgX > Ksp of AgX
- Cl- and I-:
- Upon addition of NH3 …
- Cl-: POE of eqm Ag+ + 2NH3 <-> [Ag(NH3]2]+
shifts to the right
-> resulting in decrease in [Ag+]
-> IP of AgCl < Ksp of AgCl
-> thus POE of eqm AgCl <-> Ag+ + Cl- shifts to the right
=> AgCl dissolves to give a colourless solution containing [Ag(NH3)2]+ complex - I-: POE of eqm Ag+ + 2NH3 <-> [Ag(NH3]2]+ shifts to the right
-> resulting in decrease in [Ag+]
-> IP of AgI > Ksp of AgI (as Ksp of AgI is very small)
=> AgI remains insoluble
- Cl-: POE of eqm Ag+ + 2NH3 <-> [Ag(NH3]2]+
definition of buffer solution
solution which is
(a) able to resist changes in pH
(b) upon addition of a small amount of acid or base
how to decide suitable indicator for titration
check if pH range of indicator coincides with
sharp pH change at equivalence pt
assumptions of an ideal gas
- gas particles have negligible volume compared to the volume of the container
- intermolecular forces of attraction between gas particles are negligible
- collisions between gas particles, and their collisions with the walls of the container, are perfectly elastic
conditions for ideal gas
- low pressures
- gaseous molecules are relatively far apart
- thus negligible volume compared to volume of container
- and intermolecular forces are negligible
- high temps
- gas particles have enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces
explaining graph of real gases’ deviation from ideal behaviour
- A (very low pressure, near 0)
- gases approach or at ideal behaviour
- A -> B
- gas molecules are closer together
- intermolecular forces are no longer negligible and become stronger as P increases
- observed P decreases
- observed PV value decreases to below ideal gases
- B -> C
- volume of particles take up a significant portion of container volume
- volume of gas particles no longer negligible
- observed V increases
- observed PV value starts increasing but still below ideal gases
- C onwards
- effect of volume in particles > effect of intermolecular forces
- observed PV value continues increasing and is above ideal gases
factors that affect extent of real gases’ deviation from ideal behaviour
- strength of intermolecular foa
- increases -> bigger deviation
- temp
- increases -> smaller deviation
definition of dynamic eqm
- state reached by a reversible reaction
- when the forward and backward reactions are occurring at the same rate
- resulting in no net changes in concentrations
relationship between POE and ∆G
- POE lies to right => ∆G is (-)
- POE lies to left => ∆G is (+)
description of graph
relationship bet ROR and [substrate] (enzyme)
- At low [substrate],
- active sites on enzyme are available for binding to substrate,
- thus ROR increases proportionally to increase in [substrate]
- as shown by initial portion of graph which is close to a linear line
- At high [substrate],
- all active sites on enzyme are filled
- thus any further increase in [substrate] does not affect ROR
- as shown by horizontal line in graph
