General Pharmacology

Question 1

What is a receptor?

Answer 1

component of a cell where a ligand binds to and initiates a chain of biochemical events

Question 2

Receptors cause 3 things

Answer 2

Lock and key mech
change in shape of protein receptor
Alter cellular metabolism

Question 3

Surface receptor

Answer 3

ion channel, altering membrane permeability
Acting enzymatically to influence function within the cell
Being linked to regulatory proteins

Question 4

surface receptors linked directly to enzymes utilize

Answer 4

protein that span entire width of the cell membrane

Question 5

three parts of surface recepotor

Answer 5

Extracellular binding receptor site (binding site)
Intracellular enzymatic part (catalytic domain)
Tyrosine-kinase receptor enzyme sys

Question 6

G proteins

Answer 6

membrane receptors affect the cell’s function by linking to an intermediate regulatory protein that is located on the inner surface of the cell’s membrane and connect plasma membrane events to internal metabolic machinery of cell

Question 7

G proteins are activated by what?

Answer 7

binding guanine nucleotides

Question 8

stimulartory g (GS) protiens

Answer 8

enhance metabolism of cell

Question 9

Inhibitory g (GI) proteins

Answer 9

halt metabolism of the cell

Question 10

Chemotherapeutic agents

Answer 10

act as antimetabolites so no chem rxns occur
act as improper ingredients in the biosynthesis of a specific component, and is involved with protein synthesis; specici genes, biosynthesis of required components are hindered as well

Question 11

anatacids

Answer 11

not receptor activation directly buffer stomach acid via oxi-reduc rxns by adding o2

Question 12

selectivity

Answer 12

target tissue/ specific response

Question 13

agonist

Answer 13

drug that can bind to a receptor and start a change in the cell, has affinity, efficacy, and partial incomplete response

Question 14

agonist response is what

Answer 14

partial incomplete rest that starts metabolic process but does not finish it

Question 15

antagonist

Answer 15

the drug will bind to a receptor with no change in cell f(x)

has no efficacy, is either competitive or non-comp, and has affinity

Question 16

efficacy

Answer 16

changes response metabolic response in cell

Question 17

Competitive antagonist drugs

Answer 17

concentration based

if there is more agonist than antagonist, agonist wins and vice versa

Question 18

non-comp antagonist drugs

Answer 18

antagonist wins always for example beta blockers

Question 19

Desensitization:

Answer 19

Brief and transient decrease in responsiveness due to over-stimulation

Question 20

Down-Regulation:

Answer 20

Slower, more prolonged process of receptor removal and reduced synthesis
Results from excessive expose to receptor substrate

Question 21

Up-Regulation:

Answer 21

Process of receptor synthesis with increased sensitivity

Results from reduced expose to receptor substrate

Question 22

Both are part of a negative feed-back system used by the cell to prevent cellular overstimulation by an agonist

Answer 22

both regulations

Question 23

Cholinergic Receptors:

Answer 23

Located at acetylcholine synapses

Question 24

Cholinergic Receptors (autonomic) subdivide into what ?

Answer 24

Subdivided: Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Question 25

nicotinic specifity

Answer 25

Nicotinic: Specific affinity for nicotine

Question 26

Where are nicotinic receptors located? What pathways?

Answer 26

Located at the junction between preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons
Parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways

Question 27

Muscarinic:

Answer 27

Specific affinity for muscarine

Question 28

nicotinic pharm manip

Answer 28

Pharmacologic manipulation will affect both divisions of the ANS
Mediate transmission to post ganglionic neuron

Question 29

Muscarinic receptors are located where

Answer 29

Located between cholinergic postganglionic neurons and terminal effector cells
All parasympathetic terminal synapses

Question 30

Muscarinic directly effect what?

Answer 30

Directly effect the tissue itself and Sympathetic postganglionic cholinergic fibers that supply sweat glands

Question 31

Five sub-types of muscarinic receptors and what it causes

Answer 31

Visceral/bronchiole smooth mm = contraction
Cardiac mm = decreased heart rate
Exocrine (salivary, intestinal, lacrimal) and sweat glands = increased secretion

Question 32

Adrenergic Receptors:

Adrenergic = epineph and norepineph

Answer 32

Alpha (1 & 2) and Beta (1, 2, & 3)

Question 33

Adrenergic Receptors location

Answer 33

Located on the effector cellBetween the sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic neuron and the tissue they supply

Question 34

Alpha-1 receptors primary location

Answer 34

smooth mucle (blood vessel/vascular sys) including peripheral vasculature, intestinal wall, iris, ureters, and urinary sphincter

Question 35

a-1 stimulartion

Answer 35

vascular and urinary smooth muscle contraction, and also intestinal relaxation

Question 36

a-2 primary location

Answer 36

spinal interneurons and CNS adrenergic synaspes

Question 37

a-2 stimulation

Answer 37

reduces neuronal excitability in spinal cord: spasticity reduction, and inhibits sympathetic discharge from brainstem, so it is relaxing body

Question 38

Beta-1 predominate where in body?

Answer 38

heart and kidneys

Question 39

b-1 stim

Answer 39

increases heart rate, contractility, and renin secretion, thus increasing BP

Question 40

b-2 located primarily where

Answer 40

smooth muscle of bronchioles, certain vasculatures, gallbladder, and uterus. Also, in cardiac muscle

Question 41

b-2 stimulation

Answer 41

bronchiole dilation

Question 42

b-2 responisble for

Answer 42

mediating changes in the metabolism of skeletal muscle and liver cells

Question 43

b-3 primarily located in

Answer 43

adipose tissue, and under investigation is cardiac and smooth muscle

Question 44

b-3 stim

Answer 44

increases lipolysis- breakdown of lipids