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Part 1 > general pharmacology > Flashcards

general pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

TB major symptom? how to tell if active? latent vs active treatment?

A

1 - night sweats

  • to see if active- chest x ray
  • latent - monotherpy
  • active combo therapy
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2
Q

which drugs are used for latent TB?

A

RI in RIPE
rifampin , Isoniazid

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3
Q

active TB drugs?

A

RIPE
rifampin , Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

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4
Q

RifamPin MOA, SE?

A

MOA: binds to B subunit of RNA polymerase -> stops mRNA transcription

SE: pink -> pink/orange discoloration of urine/tears , hepatotoxicity, exudative conjunctivitis

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5
Q

Isoniazid MOA, SE?

A

“used in isolation”
MOA: inhibits mycoloic acid synthesis -> stops cell wall synthesis

SE: hepatotoxicity, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency-> peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis/optic atrophy -> vision loss

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6
Q

name for vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

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7
Q

ethambutol MOA, SE

A

MOA: inhibits arabinosyl transferase -> stops cell wall synthesis

SE: retrobulbar & bilateral optic neuritis -> decreased VA (reversible, but takes months, some cases irreversible), color blindness

PATIENTS should get baseline and periodic testing for VA and reg/green color discrimination

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8
Q

what ending do antiviral drugs have?

A
  • vir
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9
Q

what is used for influenza treatment?

A

oseltamivir

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10
Q

oseltamivir MOA, SE

A

MOA: inhibit viral neuraminidase for flu A&B -> prevents spread of virus along mucous lining of respiratory tract.

SE: conjunctivitis

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11
Q

HIV therapy drugs

A

retrovir, epivir-HBV, AZT

AZT used to present transmission to fetus during pregnancy as well

Atripla

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12
Q

MOA , SE of HIV drugs

A

MOA: nucleoside analogs of thymidine -> inhibit reverse transcriptase = RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

SE: Bone marrow supression (ie. decrease in blood, WBCs, platelets -> granulocytopenia, anemia, pancytopenia)

lactic acidosis/ muscle break down (myopathy, myositis), macular edema

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13
Q

what does reverse transcriptase do?

A

RNA virus -> DNA virus

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14
Q

HIV -Aids CD4 count

A

HIV < 200
AIDS < 50

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15
Q

HEP C treatment drugs

A

ribavirin + interferon!

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16
Q

Ribavirin MOA, SE

A

MOA: inhibit viral RNA polymerase

SE: conjunctivitis
RIBAViriN
- R-retinal detachment
- I - ischemia (CWS)
- B - Bleeding (retinal hemes)
- A - artery occlusions
- V - Vein occlusions
- N- optic neuritis

Need baseline testing + periodic testing esp for DM, HTN patients
*** everything stops once d/c drug

similar retinopathy SE for interferon. peginterferon

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17
Q

what viruses are in the herpes family? what type of viruses are these?

A

HSV 1&2
VZV
CMV

DNA virus

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18
Q

MOA of all anti-herpes virus agents?

A

inhibit DNA polymerase , to stop DNA synthase

19
Q

What are anti-herpes meds? clinical indications

A
  1. viroptic - for HS keratitis
  2. acyclovir/valcylovir/famciclovir (ORALS) cold sores (HSV1), genital sores (HSV2), shingles (VZV), HZO, HSV keratitis, prophylactically for recurrent HSV.
    - ir. all body and eye
  3. ganciclovir - HSV keratitis, CMV (prescribed as an intraocular sustained release capsule)
  4. foscavir - CMV, when ganciclovir fails, acyclovir resistant HSV infection in AIDS
20
Q

what preservative is in viroptic? why is it bad?

A

thimersol - > toxic to cornea

21
Q

What are the 4 drugs that can cause optic neuritis?

A

D- Digioxin
I - Isoniazid
C - Chloraphenticol, contraceptives
E - Ethambutol

22
Q

Penicillamine is not well tolerated, what three ocular SE can result from treating Wilson’s Dz with Penicillamine?

A
  1. Myasthetia (diplopia, ptosis)
  2. Optic Neuritis
  3. Ocular Pemphigoid (fluid filled blisters)

Idk what is worse, the copper or the SE from the drug to tx it.

23
Q

Menier’s treatment

A

Avoid cats
Caffeine
Alcohol
Tabacco
Salts

24
Q

Side effects of tamoxifen

A

“think of the C’s”

  1. Crystallin retinopathy
  2. Clots -> CRVO, BRVO
  3. Cornea -> Whorl Keratopathy
  4. Cataract
  5. Cancer -> can cause uterine cancer.
25
Q

Alpha 2 blocker drugs

A

Flomax
Zosin , losin

Tamsulosin
Prazosin
Terazosin

26
Q

what drug is used to treat latent TB?

A

isoniazid

27
Q

acyclovir,valacyclovir,famcyclovir
- what are these used for?
- MOA
- side effects

A

oral anti-herpes drug

MOA: inhibit DNA polymerase

SE: Headaches, GI issues (nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain)

*** monitor in patients with kidney and liver disease - give lower doses

28
Q

gangcyclovir
MOA
dosing
SE

A

MOA: inhibits DNA polymerase

dosing: 5x/day - more potent than others (9x/day dosing)

SE: blurry vision, irritation
- intravitreal implant -> temp decrease in VA; RD and vit heme

29
Q

gangcyclovir preservative

A

BAK, less toxic than thimersol (viroptic) -

30
Q

what is the most common ocular infection in patient’s with aids?

A

CMV

31
Q

CMV treatments

A
  1. retrovir
  2. oral ganglcyclovir, valganciclovir
  3. cidofovir
  4. foscavir
32
Q

cidofovir MOA, and route of administration

A

MOA: inhibit DNA polymerase
route of administration for CMV - IV

33
Q

foscavir MOA, route of administration, and SE

A

MOA: DNA polymerase inhibitor

route of administration Intravitreal

SE: nephrotoxicity and seizures

34
Q

ocular fungal infections risk factors

A
  1. tree branch
  2. immunocompromised
  3. chronic beat up cornea - ie. constant SPK
35
Q

how do fungal medications typically work?

A
  1. target ergosterol (part of the fungal celldi membrane)
  2. inhibit fungal mitosis by inhibiting with microtubule formation during cell wall synthesis
36
Q

Fungal drugs

A
  1. natamycin, amphoteracin B, nystatin
  2. azoles (ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole, voriconzaole)

griseofulvin

37
Q

MOA of natamycin, amphoteracin B and Nystatin

indications

A
  1. MOA: bind to ergosterol and form pores in the cell membrane of the fungus-> contents leak out -> cell death

natamycin - fungal blepharitis, conjunctivits, and keratitis - fungal infections it works against - candida, aspergillum, and fusarium

amphoteracin B - ointment/drop (need a compounding pharmacy for topical forms) for keratitis, IV for systemic and intraocular fungal infections

nystatin - oral candida thrush and vaginal yeast infections (NOT INDICATED FOR OCULAR USE)

38
Q

amphotericin B SE

A

nephrotoxicity only if IV

39
Q

AZOLES

MOA

INDICATIONS

SE

A

MOA: inhibit ergosterol synthesis

indications:
- ketoconazole - first oral azole - used for treatment of severe fungal corneal ulcers, systemic infections, and acanthamoeba

  • fluconazole - available in oral, topical, and sub conj injection forms, notes increase in resistance for endopthalmitis

SE: hepatoxicity

40
Q

what should you culture fungal infections on?

A

sabauraud’s agar

41
Q

griseofulvin

MOA

indication

A

MOA: inhibit fungal mitosis by inhibiting with microtubule formation during cell wall synthesis

indication - scalp, skin and fingerer and toenail infections

42
Q

toxoplasmosis treatment

A

sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine

43
Q

albendazole

indication

MOA

A

anti parasitic drug for pork/dog tapeworm, ocular inf.

MOA: inhibit tubulin polymerization -> loss of microtubules in the cytoplasm of tape worms

Part 1 (4 decks)

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