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253 midterm 1_2022 > general osteology > Flashcards

general osteology Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the skeletal system

A

bones, cartilages, joints

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2
Q

what is the diff btw osteology and arthrology

A

osteo;study of b

arthrology; study of joints

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3
Q

what are the classes of bones

A

long, short, flat and irregular

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4
Q

what is the name for a living skeleton (human) and a non-living skeleton (insects)

A

living; endoskeleton

non-living ; exoskeleton

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5
Q

what are the functions of b (6)

A 
support
protection
acts as a lever (w m.) for mvt
storage/release area for minerals
blood cell formation (RBCs)
triglyceride storage (Yellow b. marrow)
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6
Q

what are the types of ossification

A

endochondral and intramembranous

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7
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

bone forms by replacement of hyaline cartilage (long b. of the extremities)

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8
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

forms directly in the matrix by increasing growth of collagenous fibers (flat b. of the skull and face)

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9
Q

what is bone tissue

A

a complex and dynamic living tissue that is constantly remodeling and is several tissues working together; osseous, caritlage, dense ct, epi, adipose and nervous

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10
Q

what is the precursor cell to bone and what does it turn into and so on

A

osteoprogenitor cell becomes an osteoblast (forms b. extracellular matrix) and then an osteocyte (maintains b. tissue)

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11
Q

what is an osteoclasts from white blood cell lineage

A

functions in resorption,

the breakdown of b. and extracellular matrix

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12
Q

what are the general features of b

A 
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphyses (epiphyseal plate)
articular cartilage
periosteum
medullary cavity
endosteum
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13
Q

what is observed at the surface of a bone, but can extend deeper, makes up most of the diaphysis and looks dense to the naked eye but is quite porous microscopically

A

compact b

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14
Q

t/f is compact b resistant to stresses but not weight and movement bearing mvt (

A

false they are resistant to it (offers protection and support)

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15
Q

what are the parts of compact b. tissue (9)

A
  • osteons (structural unit),
  • osteonic canal,
  • concentric lamellae (rings that make up osteons),
  • lacunae (space btw lamellae, contain osteocytes),
  • canaliculi (canals to join up diff osteocytes),
  • interstitial lamellae (fills in gaps),
  • interosteonic canals (inbtw osteons),
  • circumferential lamellae (goes around entire circumference of shaft)
  • sharpey’s fibers (anchored to the b)
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16
Q

what are the 2 layers of periosteum

A

fibrous (outter layer)

osteogenic (inner layer)

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17
Q

what are called fibrous mem that surround complete bone and covers diaphysis but not bone ends at articular cartilage

A

periosteum

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18
Q

what is another name for trabecular bone

A

cancellous or spongy bone

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19
Q

what kind of bone is located in the interior of the bone, and doesn’t contain osteons

A

spongy bone

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20
Q

what is contained inside the trabeculae of spongy bone and how would you describe it

A
  • concentric lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi

- lamellae arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns

21
Q

what are spaces in btw the trabeculae filled with in spongy bone

A

red bone marrow (blood cell production) or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)

22
Q

periosteal arteries enter ___ thru ___ and supply ____ and outer part of ___ b.

A

diaphysis, interosteonic canals, periosteum, compact

23
Q

nutrient arteries enter near center of ___ via oblique angled hole called ___ foramen with path always __ from the dominant ___ end of the b

A

diaphysis nutrient

away growth

24
Q

finish phrase; __ to the ___ and __ the ___

A

go to the elbow and flee the knee

25
Q

metaphyseal a. arise from __ around associated ___

A

arteries joint

26
Q

epiphyseal a. arise from arteries around associated ___

A

joint

27
Q

which a. supplies the medullary cavity

A

nutrient a.

28
Q

what are the 4 stages of b. formation

A
  • initial formation in embryo and fetus
  • general growth thru infancy, childhood and early adulthood
  • bone remodeling thru life
  • repair (from fx) thru life
29
Q

what is b. initially from and where is it found

A

initially from mesenchyme and its found in the embryo

30
Q

what is intramembranous ossification (where is it found and what are the steps)

A

found in flat b. (skull), most facial b. and mandible

mesenchyme to b

31
Q

what is endochondral ossification (what bones are formed w this and what are the steps)

A

most other bones formed this way including all long bones

mesenchyme to cartilage model to b.

32
Q

what are the defined steps of intramembranous ossi (4)

A

1-developpement of the ossification center
2-calcification
3-formation of trabeculae
4-development of the periosteum

33
Q

describe developpement of the ossification center of intramembranous ossi

A

osteoblasts secret organic extracellular matrix

34
Q

describe calcification of intramembranous ossi

A

calcium and other mineral salts are deposited and extracellular matrix calcifies

35
Q

describe fomration of trabeculae of intramembranous ossi

A

extracellular matrix develops into trabeculae that fuse to form spongy b.

36
Q

describe developpement of the periosteum of intramembranous ossi

A

mesenchyme at the periphery of the b. develops into the periosteum

37
Q

what are the 6 steps of endochondral ossi

A

1-development of the cartilage model
2-growth of the cartilage model
3-development of the primary ossification center
4-development of the medullary cavity
5-development of the secondary ossification center
6-formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal growth plate

38
Q

describe development of the cartilage model in endochondral ossi

A

mesenchymal cells develop into chondroblasts which form the cartilage model

39
Q

describe growth of the cartilage model in endochondral ossi

A

growth occurs by cell division of chondrocytes

40
Q

describe development of the primary ossification center in endochondral ossi

A

in this region of the diaphysis, b. tissue has replaced most of the cartilage

41
Q

describe development of the medullary cavity in endochondral ossi

A

b. breakdown by osteoclasts forms the medullary cavity

42
Q

describe development of the secondary ossification center in endochondral ossi

A

these occur in the epiphyses of the b

43
Q

describe formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal growth plate in endochondral ossi

A

both structures consist of hyaline cartilage

44
Q

what is the zone of reserve/resting cartilage of growth in length

A

closes to the epiphysis, consists of small scattered chondrocytes

45
Q

what is the zone of proliferating cartilage of growth in length

A

larger chondrocytes undergo interstitial growth, divide and secrete extracellular matrix

46
Q

what is the zone of hypertrophic cartilage of growth in length

A

large maturing chondrocytes

47
Q

what is the zone of calcified cartilage of growth in length

A
  • dead chondrocytes bc extracellular matrix has calcified
  • osteoclasts dissolve calcified cartilage, then osteoblasts and capillaries invade area
  • osteoblasts lay down b. extracellular matrix, process of endochondral ossification, new diaphysis formed as a result
48
Q

what are the 4 steps of b. growth in thickness

A

1-ridges in periosteum create groove for periosteal blood vessel
2-periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel
3-osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new osteon
4-b. grows outwards as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels

49
Q

final shape of cartilage model is determined by

A 
gravitational forces (pressure epiphyses)
functional forces (traction epiphyses)

253 midterm 1_2022 (7 decks)

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