General NIC Terms/Concepts Flashcards
Auditory feedback loop
The channel through which hearing people hear (and monitor) their own voice as they speak
bilingual-bicultural philosophy of interpreting
Based on the belief that effective interpretation requires cultural and linguistic mediation in order to accomplish speaker goals and maintain dynamic equivalence
Cloze skills
The ability to mentally “fill in the blanks”
Communication dynamics
The way people in a communication interaction react to or engage with one another and to the overall interaction
Communication facilitation philosophy
Set of beliefs including that Deaf people are handicapped, ASL as a means of communicating only with less educated individuals
CASE
Conceptually accurate signed English (ASL signs, English order)
Conduit or machine philosophy
Interpreter has no responsibility for interaction or communication dynamics taking place.
Cultural and linguistic mediation
Interpreting so that information has equivalent meaning and impact for individuals with different language and cultural schemas
Cultural Expansion
Provide contextual information needed to help understanding
Cultural reduction
Reducing the volume and sometimes the detail of info without affecting the meaning intended
Dynamic Equivalence
concerned with expressing the MESSAGE of the original language in the words of the target language(speaker’s goals should be accomplished)
equivocal language
ambiguous language that has two or more equally plausible meanings
Euphemistic Language
Using mild language in an attempt to soften harsh language, socially acceptable terms
Fatalism or passivity
Tendency of members of an oppressed group to feel powerless to change
Helper Philosophy
Interpreter as a care-taker. First philosophy of RID, back in 1964
Linguistic Expansion
Interpret implicit information provided in SL, more explicitly in TL
MCE
Manually coded English, general term for English signing sysyems
Minimal language competency
Term for those with little asl or English skills. May use gestures, home signs, etc.
Paralinguistic elements
Elements that accompany and add meaning to the expression of language; includes such things as gestures, tone of voice/size of signs, visual/vocal affect, etc.
passive voice
The actor performing the action indicated by the verb not overtly identified
Rochester Method
Each word is fingerspelled except for “and”
SEE1
Seeing Essential English, each syllable given a separate manual movement
Sight Translation
Changing a message from the Frozen form of one language into another signed or spoken language.
SEE2
Signing Exact English “two out of three rule” determines the “proper” sign. Initialized signs often invented.
SASS
Size and shape specifiers/function like English adjectives
speech reading
reading someone lips, body gestures, and facial expressions to convey the message they are speaking
Total Communication (TC)
The use of any or all communication methods (manual and oral)
cued speech
Hand system based on phonetics (8 handshapes for consonants, 4 positions for vowels)
ASL expansion techniques
Contrasting, Faceting, Reiteration, 3-D space, Examples, couching, Describe then do
PL 89-333
Vocational rehab act of 1965
PL 93-112
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
The focus of the cultural/humanistic view of Deaf people is on:
The person rather than the deafness
Which of the following is a community-based, non-profit organization that works specifically with African American Deaf persons to advocate for their rights?
BDA
According to RID, a certified interpreter can lose certification for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
Failing to pay current national dues, failing to complete certification maintenance program, violating ethical standards
To sociolinguists, the intimate register of discourse is characterized by:
Reliance on information that is left implicit
Which of the following is always true of an effective English-to-ASL interpretation?
It adapts to audience performance
What are the three critical domains that NIC tests for?
A. Interpreting and transliteration skill through a performance test
B. Ethical decision making through interview portion
C. General knowledge of the field of interpreting
How many CEUs must a certified interpreter earn per four-year cycle?
8
When are national conferences held?
During odd years
An important difference between ADA and Section 504 of the Rehab Act of 1973 is:
ADA allows individuals and the government to file suit in cases of discrimination
Earliest record of sign language interpreters in the US show they were from which groups:
Those with deaf parents/siblings, teachers of deaf, clergy
RID was established in 1964 after which event?
Ball State University Workshop
The Education of All handicapped children act (PL 94-142) contains what important phrase?
“Least restrictive environment”
RID Voting Requirements:
Certified or associated membership, member of good standing, member of an affiliate chapter
Where is RID Headquarters?
Alexandria, VA
Which of the following linguistic features is found in ASL but not English?
Object-Verb agreement
What does the ADA stand for and what year was is passed?
Americans with Disabilities Act in 1990
Mano a Mano is:
National Organization of interpreters who work in Spanish-Influenced settings
What year did ASD open?
American School for the Deaf opened in 1817
What year did Deaf President Now take place?
March 1988
What was the name of the hearing president in DPN that was forced to resign?
Elizabeth A. Zinswer resigned a few days after the protests
What was the name of the president who was later welcomed in result of DPN?
Dr. I. King Jordan became Gallaudet’s first Deaf president
What tenet addresses multiple roles in interpreting?
Tenet 3.3 “avoid performing dual or conflicting roles in multidisciplinary or other settings.”
What is RSI?
Repetitive Strain Injury: stress-related, cumulative type of injury resulting from repetitive moments.
What does RSI tend to result in?
Carpal tunnel syndrome, tendinitis, tennis elbow and brachial neuralgia
What section of ADA are interpreters addressed?
Title III.V Interpreters are considered a type of auxiliary aid that is required to be provided for communication with any individuals with hearing impairments.
5 forms of Manual English:
Rochester Method, Seeing Essential English (SEE1), Signing Exact English (SEE2), Signed English (SE), Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE)
Diglossia
A situation in which two languages (or two varieties of the same language) are used under different conditions within a community, often by the same speakers. Often one is viewed as ‘high’ or ‘prestige’ and the other as ‘low’ or ‘low prestige’ (slang/wrong/etc)
The philosophical shifts in the history of Sign Language interpretation in the United States was from
helper to machine to communication facilitator to bicultural/bilingual (bi-bi)
You would expect to see an interpreter overly involved with the Deaf and hearing clients, often moving out of the role of interpreter to advise, direct, and teach if the interpreter were in which philosophical role?
Helper
Linguistic expansions and reductions occur
when the interpreter can manipulate the target language output so it contains all of the essential elements of meaning expressed in the source language and when there is no word or sign equivalent
You are asked to coordinate interpreters for a state meeting that will involve a panel discussion of recently proposed legislation. The panel and the audience will include both deaf and hearing people. This means that
sign-to-voice and voice-to-sign interpreters will need to be provided for members of the panel as well as for members of the audience
While interpreting a college course a siren is heard approaching and stopping outside of the classroom. The professor ignores the sound and continues teaching without a pause even though the students have looked toward the sound and begun whispering among themselves. You should
sign a brief description of the sound to the d/Deaf student as soon as hearing students begin responding to the noise
Historically, interpreters tended to be
CODAs or involved with the Deaf community through church work
In the fall of 2006, RID began to certify individuals who took
and passed the EIPA written and scored at least 4.0 on the EIPA performance test
AVLIC
The Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
Successful passing of the NIC written test qualifies the candidate to receive
none of the certifications yet, only after passing the performance exam do you get your NIC
Reasons an African-American Deaf person may use Southern Black signs include
They are a member of an African-American Deaf club whose events are rarely attended by people who are not African-American, they interact mainly with other African-Americans who know Southern Black signs, and/or they attended a residential school that was racially segregated
According to most ITP professors, what “can’t be stressed too much” when referring to the behavior of an interpreter?
Punctuality and responsibility
As an interpreter you might transmit the concept of a noisy radiator clicking if
the response of the hearing person causes the d/Deaf person to notice
Which of the following is the best cue that a Deaf audience has failed to comprehend a voice-to-sign interpretation?
Confused copying of a sign
If an interpreter turns down an assignment because they believe their skills do not match the skills needed for the assignment
they are using their discretion which is encouraged by the RID CPC
Professional Distance
your relationship to the consumers and other interpreters
If a person has asked you to interpret for no pay, as an RID certified member you
can choose to accept the assignment and do not need to report the request to RID
Neutrality of the interpreter
is a myth
Which of the following organizations has as its main objective the providing of information about hearing loss, communication, assistive listening devices, and communication strategies for oral deaf persons?
HLAA (Hearing Loss Association of America - formerly SHHH)
The most important way in which interpreting for the Deaf/Blind differs from interpreting for people who are Deaf is that with Deaf/Blind people the interpreter
needs to include all actual visual information
At a medical appointment, a Latino Deaf patient is given a card with the appointment written “9/10/11”. The interpreter knows Latin countries usually write “day/month/year” which may lead to confusion. The most appropriate way to handle this situation is to
sight interpret the written information
When an interpreter is subpoenaed as an expert witness in court, the interpreter’s area of expertise is
communication issues and cross-cultural mediation
When interpreting for a live TV program, the interpreter should
offer to provide assistance regarding interpreter placement
A Deaf consumer who facilitates discussions finds it difficult to know when it is appropriate to interject comments. The best way for the interpreter to address this concern is to
consult with the Deaf consumer to establish a plan to facilitate participation
The setting in which it is LEAST likely that a Deaf person would be working as an interpreter is
in a mainstream classroom
Hearing interpreters who are not CODAs cannot become members of the core Deaf culture by the process of acculturation
True
When people adjust their language and the way they talk based on who they are speaking to they are shifting their
register
What is considered a universal form of communication?
mime
The systems for manually representing English were developed primarily to
teach English to Deaf children, to teach them how to read
The most effective way for interpreters to present complex material is to
interpret in a more consecutive mode
Which of the following is always true of an effective English-to-sign interpretation?
It adapts to audience preference
What are the methods commonly used for communication with Deaf/Blind people?
Tadoma method, palm writing (POP), tactile fingerspelling and signing
What is one feature found in ASL but not English?
object verb agreement
One protection from malpractice suits resulting from misinterpretations that is available to interpreters is
liability insurance
What are some dynamics of hearing/Deaf cross-cultural interactions?
Low context vs high context
Individualist vs collectivist
Progress oriented vs tradition oriented
To sociolinguists, the intimate register of discourse is characterized by
the reliance on information that is left implicit
