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Neurology COPIED > General neurology stuff COPIED > Flashcards

General neurology stuff COPIED Flashcards

1
Q

Cycloplegia

A

paralysis of accommodation

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2
Q

dysarthria

A

slurred speech caused by articulation problems due to a motor deficit.

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3
Q

Dysphonia

A

loss of volume caused by laryngeal disorders.

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4
Q

Odynophagia

A

Pain on swallowing

Possible causes; infection, oesophageal cancer, larnynx or pharynx cancer.

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5
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

possible causes; pharyngitis, oesophageal disease

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6
Q

xerostomia

A

dry mouth

possible causes; anticholinergic drugs, Sjogren’s syndrome

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7
Q

Where’s the extradural space?

A

between the skull and the dura. Especially at the frontoparietal area. Other areas dura can be tightly bound to the skull.

cause: often tearing of middle meningeal artery.

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8
Q

Where’s the subdural space, and who’s vulnerable?

A

The elderly; tearing of the veins across the subdural space causing gradual seepage of blood

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9
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric acid)

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10
Q

Papilloedema

A

Optic disc swelling; increased intracranial pressure.

Usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks. Unilateral presentation is extremely rare.

May be asymptomatic or with a headache.

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11
Q

Ataxia

A

A term for a group of disorders that affect co-ordination, balance and speech.

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12
Q
A

A gumma is a soft, non-cancerous growth resulting from the tertiary stage of syphilis.

Gummas are most commonly found in the liver (gumma hepatis), but can also be found in brain, heart, skin, bone, testis, and other tissues.

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13
Q

paraparesis

A

partial paralysis of both legs.

(in contrast to paraplegia)

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14
Q
A

Polyneuropathy ; affects peripheral nerves

same areas on both sides of the body; featuring weakness, numbness, and burning pain.

It usually begins in the hands and feet and may progress to the arms and legs; May be caused by diabetes and Guillain–Barré syndrome.

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15
Q

Iris contraction/ pupil smaller

A

miosis

(pilocarpine causes this)

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16
Q
A

Extend the knee whilst the hip is in 90 degree flexion.

  • positive if pain on extension. Sign is absent in local causes of neck stiffness.

NB> absence of this sign does not exclude meningitis.

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17
Q

Romberg’s sign

A

Can’t stand steadily with eyes closed.

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18
Q

motor speech area located on left hemisphere (dominant side)

A

Broca’s area

  • comprehension okay, repetitive of words difficulty.
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19
Q

Area on dominant side involved with understanding language.

Symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia are.. (30

A

Wernicke’s area

symptoms; profound word-finding difficulty,

impaired repetition of words

profound loss of comprehension

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20
Q

Lorazepam

A

IV only. Indicated for status epilepticus.

21
Q

What are the initial symptoms of motor neurone disease?

A

In 2/3s, the first symptos occur in mthe arm or leg. This is sometimes called limb-onset disease. These symptoms include:

a weakened grip, which can cause difficulties picking up or holding objects

weakness at the shoulder, making lifting the arm above the head difficult

tripping up over a foot because of weakness at the ankle or hip

May be accompanied by widespread twitching of the muscles (fasciculations) or muscle cramps, and there may be visible wasting of the muscles with significant weight loss.

Bulbar-onset disease

1/4 of px, problems initially affect the muscles used for speech and swallowing. Increasingly slurred speech (dysarthria) is usually the first sign of this type of motor neurone disease, and may be misdiagnosed as a stroke.

As the condition progresses, it may become increasingly difficult to swallow (dysphagia), and be misdiagnosed as a blockage in the throat.

22
Q

Huntington’s - bare facts

A
  • inherited autosomal dominant disorder
  • hyperkinetic movements. Mean age of 40.
  • characterised by rapid, uncontrolled, flicking movements of the torso and limbs (chorea)
23
Q

What is the diagnosis of concussion?

A

Diagnosis requires less than 30 minutes of loss of consciousness, memory loss of less than 24 hours, and a GCS score of 13 to 15.

24
Q

Signs and symptoms of concussion

mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)

A

a headache that doesn’t go away or isn’t relieved with painkillers

dizziness

feeling sick or vomiting

feeling stunned, dazed or confused

memory loss – you may not remember what happened before or after the injury

clumsiness or trouble with balance

unusual behaviour – you may become irritated easily or have sudden mood swings

changes in your vision – such as blurred vision, double vision or “seeing stars”

being knocked out or struggling to stay awake

25
Q

What’s another name for a bruise?

A

contusion

26
Q

What’s the medical term for irregular tear-like wounds caused by some blunt trauma

A

laceration

27
Q

What are the three branches of trigeminal nerve (V)?

A

the ophthalmic nerve (V1), the maxillary nerve (V2), and the mandibular nerve (V3).

The ophthalmic and maxillary nerves are purely sensory, whereas the mandibular nerve supplies motor as well as sensory functions

28
Q

What do all these have in common:

mydriasis

vasoconstriction

salivation

urinary retention

ejaculation

A

They all have alpha 1 adrenoceptors (sympathetic ns

29
Q

What are the symptoms of pre-syncope?

(hypoperfusion)

  • a state of lightheadedness (often a symptom of orthostatic hypotension)
A
  • light headedness
  • tunnel vision, or blury vision
  • nausea/ vomiting
  • headache/ sweating/ palpitations
  • clammy, pale complexion
    *
30
Q

Signs and symptoms of chronic intracranial hypertension

+ causes of chronic IH

(possible causes of acutre IH; head injury, stroke, brain abscess )

A
  • constant throbbing headache
  • blurred vision/ diplopia
  • nausea and vomiting

subdural haematoma, brain tumour, brain injection (meningitis/ encephalitis), hydrocephalus, venous sinus thrombosis

Many cases; idiopathic. no known cause. More common with women 20s-30s

31
Q

Name six neurotransmitters that I need to learn

A

GABA

Dopamine

Acetylcholine

Serotonin

Glutamate

Noradrenaline

32
Q

What are catecholamines?

A

Monoamines, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, which is derived from dietary sources as well as synthesis from phenylalanine.

Catecholamines are water-soluble and are 50%-bound to plasma proteins in circulation.

Examples; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine

33
Q

What vitamins help prevent neural tube defects?

Which drug to avoid?

A

Folic acid and Vit B12

Methotrexate - folate antimetabolite

34
Q

What is Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome and the treatment?

A

develops in alcoholics with thiamine deficiency.

Unexplained asssociated symptoms; the triad ataxia, acute confusional state, ophthalmoplegia

others; nystagmus, polyneuropathy

tx: parenteral thiamine

35
Q

Confused patient; why would you consider a CT scan?

A
  • evidence of focal neurological deficit
  • significant head injury
  • no alternative explanation for the confusion
  • deterioration in conscious levels
36
Q

Key symptoms of meningitis

A

headache

fever

sore neck

rash

37
Q

Organisms related with meningitis (bacterial)

A

Neisseria meningtidis

streptococcus pneumoniae

haemophilus influenzae

38
Q

Symptoms and sign of infectious encephalitis

A
  • focal or diffuse neurological signs may be present
  • fever, headache
  • psychiatric symptoms and seizure
  • alteration in consciousness and focal neurology
39
Q

What are coup and contrecoup injuries?

A

head injuries associated with cerebral contusion due to rapid acceleration/ deceleration.

brain collides with inside of skull; diffuse axonal injury, focal neurological symptoms, damage to b. vessels.

Contrecoup can occur in shaken baby syndrome.

40
Q

Types of brain hernia

A
41
Q

What is a glioblastoma?

A

most aggressive form of brain cancer

42
Q

CVA; what’s a typical characteristic of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion?

A

FACE or ARM is more affected than the leg.

43
Q

With a CVA, if the patient’s leg is more affected, which artery is occluded?

A

anterior cerebral artery

44
Q
A
45
Q

What’s the difference between hemiparesis and hemiplegia?

A

Hemiparesis ; unilateral weakness

Hemiplegia; complete loss of power on one side

46
Q

What is Todd’s paralysis?

A

A focal appendage transient weakness after a seizure.

It usually subsides completely within 48 hours.

Todd’s paresis may also affect speech, eye position (gaze), or vision.

NB> important to differentiate from ischaemic stroke because seizure is an exclusion criteria for thrombolysis.

47
Q

What are Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms?

A

Aneurysms in the small penetrating blood vessels of the brain.

They are associated with hypertension.

The common artery involved is the lenticulostriate branch of the middle cerebral artery.

48
Q

What are the following acronyms?

TACI

LACI

A

TACI: Total Anterior Circulation Infarction

LACI: Lacunar Infarction

49
Q

What is the term used to decribe an idiopathic acute lower motor neurone VII nerve paralysis?

A

Bell’s palsy

Neurology COPIED (6 decks)

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