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ATPL > General Navigation > Flashcards

General Navigation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lines which run from pole to pole called?

A

Meridians of longitude

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2
Q

What are the lines that run east to west called?

A

Parallels of latitude

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3
Q

Latitude is measured as an angle from the _______.

A

Equator

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4
Q

Longitude is measured as an angle from the ______.

A

Prime meridian

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5
Q

To calculate the change in latitude of two points in the same hemisphere ____ the angles.

A

subtract

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6
Q

To calculate the change in latitude of two points in different hemispheres ____ the angles.

A

add

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7
Q

To calculate the change in longitude of two points in the same hemisphere ____ the angles.

A

subtract

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8
Q

To calculate the change in longitude of two points different hemispheres ____ the angles.

A

add

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9
Q

What do you do if chlong is greater than 180°?

A

Subtract it from 360° to find the shortest way round.

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10
Q

How do you find the position of the opposite point on the earth?

A

Latitude: same ° but opposite hemisphere

Longitude: 180 - ° and in the opposite hemisphere

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11
Q

What is the ratio of elipticity of the earth?

A

1/298

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12
Q

Geocentric latitudes are measured from the ______.

A

Centre of the earth

They do not intersect the surface at 90°

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13
Q

Geodetic lattitudes are measured _______.

A

At 90° to the earth’s surface.

They are used for charts.

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14
Q

What is the difference from equator to pole in km?

A

10,000km

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15
Q

What is the earth’s circumference in km?

A

40,000km

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16
Q

1’ = ___NM

A

1

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17
Q

1° = ___NM

A

60

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18
Q

What is departure used to calculate?

A

The east/west distance along a parallel of latitude (not the shortest distance)

(needed as the distance between meridians of longitude decreases as latitude increases)

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19
Q

What is the formula for departure?

A

Departure (NM) = Chlong (minutes) x cos lat

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20
Q

If asked to find the shortest distance between points with different longitudes AND diferent latitudes…

A

It will be over the pole from a meridian to its antimeridian

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21
Q

What is convergency?

A

How much the great circle track changes because of converging meridians.

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22
Q

What are directions referenced to the geographic north pole called?

A

True north

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23
Q

Give 2 examples of great circles

Describe great circles in terms of track direction and distance between two points.

A

Equator, all meridians of longitude

Constinuously changing track direction (unless both points on equator or same longitude)

Shortest distance between points

24
Q

What is the formula for convergency?

A

Convergency = chlong x sin(mean lat)

25
Q

Rhumb lines have ________ direction and lie on the __________ side of the equivalent great circle.

A

constant

equatorial

26
Q

Where do the great circle track and rhumb line track have the same direction?

A

halfway

27
Q

What is the conversion angle and how is it calculated?

A

The angle between the great circle and the rhumb line.

Conversion angle = ½ convergency

28
Q

Which lines on the earth are rhumb lines?

A

All parallels of latitude.

29
Q

Whch angle does magnetic variation represent?

A

The angle between the true meridian and the magnetic meridian.

30
Q

Which lines join points of equal variation?

A

Isogonals

31
Q

‘Variation east, magnetic _____

variation west, magnetic ____’

A

least

best

32
Q

Concerning variation, consider east as ______ and west as ______.

A

positive

negative

33
Q

What is the difference between the direction of magnetic north and compass north called?

A

Deviation

34
Q

‘Deviation ____ compass least,

deviation ____ compass best.’

A

East

West

35
Q

What causes deviation to vary?

A

Magnetic latitude (strength of Earth’s magnetic field)

Aircraft heading (orientation of aircraft to magnetic field)

Changes of aircraft electrical equipment (production of interfereing magnetic fields)

36
Q

Cadbury’s Dairy Milk Very Tasty is a pneumonic for what?

A

Compass Deviation Magnetic Variation True

37
Q

The directive force is the component of the Earth’s magnetic field that ________________.

A

Aligns the compass needle.

38
Q

When should a compass swing be carried out?

A

Transfering bases with significant latitude change

After major changes of aircraft equipment

After lightning strike

After its been parked facing one direction for a long time

When a new compass is fitted

When compass or recorded deviation is suspect

When specified in the maintenance schedule

39
Q

What is the maximum permissable deviation for a magnetic compass (current EASA regulations)?

A

+/- 10°

40
Q

If variation is west then true north is ____ of magnetic north.

A

east

41
Q

What 3 properties do conformal/orthomorphic charts have?

A

Shows shapes, angles and distances correctly

Same scale used for latitude and longitude

Meridians and parallels are perpendicular

42
Q

What is the formula for chart scale?

A

chart scale = chart distance / earth distance

43
Q

Where is a projected chart most accurate?

A

The parallel of origin (where it touches the model)

44
Q

How is a simple conic projection derived?

Convergency is ________ and calculated using the formula : _______

A

Placing a cone on a wire globe

constant

convergency = chlong x sin parallel of origin

45
Q

How does the accuracy of convergency effect great circles on a map?

A

Accurate convergency shows great circles as straight lines

Increasing inaccuracy makes great circles more curved

46
Q

Where is the parallel of origin on a Lamberts Conformal Projection?

A

Parallel to the tangent of the sphere

47
Q

On Lamberts conformal projections how does scale vary with the standard parallels and parallel of origin?

A

Contracts between standard parallels, expands outside them

Scale at minimum value at parallel of origin

Can be assumed constant though

48
Q

What 2 conditions must be met by a lamberts conformal projection in order to assume the great circle lines to be straight and the scale to be constant?

A

max latitude spread of 24°

max 2/3rds of chart between the standard parallels

49
Q

On lamberts conformal projection rhumb lines are concave to _______.

A

the nearest pole

50
Q

On a polar stereographic chart _____ can be assumed constant. Rhumb lines are concave to ______. Great circles are assumed straight but are actually _______.

Convergency = ________

A

scale

the nearer pole

concave to the pole

convergency = chlong

(sin lat at pole, 90°, is 1)

51
Q

On a mercator projection chart scale can be assumed constant within ____ NM of the equator.

Which lines are straight and which are curved?

(great circles, rhumb lines, meridians, parallels)

A

500NM

rumb lines, meridians, prallels and the equator are straight

great circles are concave to the equator

52
Q

On a mercator projection what is convergency?

A

zero

53
Q

How is scale calculated on a mercator projection?

A

Scale at any latitude = scale at equator x sec(lat)

54
Q

Great circles always lie on the ________ side of rhumb lines.

A

poleward

55
Q
A

ATPL (5 decks)

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