General/Mixed

Question 1

What structure is derived from posterior cardinal veins?

Answer 1

IVC

Question 2

SVC is derived from which embryonic structure?

Answer 2

Common Cardinal Vein and anterior cardinal vein

both of right side

Question 3

Most comming cardiac defect in a child of diabetic mother?

Answer 3

Transposition of Great Vessels

Question 4

Pulmonary arterial HTN causes what change in the heart?

ASKED IN UWORLD

Answer 4

Thickening of right ventricular free wall/ Right ventricular Hypertrophy

Question 5

PAH has 2 causes majorly. First is idiopathic, what is the second possible cause of PAH?

Answer 5

Eisenmenger’s Syndrome occurs when PAH occurs and eventually the shunt reverses

Question 6

Treatment for PAH is?

Answer 6

Sildenafil, Bosentan, Epoprostenol

Question 7

In PAH, what are the levels of the following?

1. Endothelin is (increased/decreased)
2. NO is (increased/decreased)
3. Prostacyclins are (increased/decreased)

Answer 7

Endothelin is increased ( It is a VASOCONSTRICTOR)

NO and Prostacyclins are decreased( Both of these are VASODILATORS)

Question 8

Which branch provides collateral circulation in Patients with LAD occlusion?

Answer 8

Right Marginal Branch

Question 9

Where does PDA run in heart?

Answer 9

PDA runs in Posterior interventricular Septum

Question 10

AV node is supplied by which branch?

Answer 10

PDA

Question 11

Aortic Aneurysm in Syphillis and Behcet’s Syndrome is due to what?
(ASKED IN UWORLD)

Answer 11

Inflammation of vasa vasorum causes aortic aneurysm in these two conditions.

Question 12

Cause of ARVC(Arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)?

Answer 12

Mutation in Ca-Binding sarcoplasmic reticulam

Question 13

What does Atrial Myxoma do in heart during diastole?

Answer 13

Atrial Myxoma obstructs Mitral Valve Opening during Diastole

Question 14

What heart condition does Atrial Myxoma mimics?

Answer 14

Mitral Valve Stenosis- Orthopnea, Hemoptysis, Dyspnea

Question 15

Histology of Atrial Myxoma

Answer 15

Chondroiton Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid

Hemosederin Laden Macrophages

Question 16

What is NBTE?

Answer 16

Sterile platelet-rich thrombi on mitral leaflet

Question 17

Histology of NBTE vegetations?

Answer 17

Called Bland Thrombus

Has strands of fibrin+ immune complexes+ Mononuclear Cells

Question 18

A person has UNILATERAL Renal Artery Stenosis.
What will be the histo of the kidneys?
1. Histo of the kidney which has Renal Artery Stenosis?
2. Histo of the kidney which was exposed to INCREASED BP due to Unilateral Renal Artwry Stenosis causing INCREASED RENIN?

Answer 18

1. Less blood reached this kidney: so there will be a tubular atrophy, small crowded glomeruli, diffuse cortical thinning, JG apparatus enlargement due to INCREASED rennin release.
2. Blood reaches this kidney with increased pressure, so there is CONCENTRIC SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL PROLIFERATION (AKA hyperplastic arteriosclerosis). It will cause ateriolar wall thickening with hyaline deposition.

Question 19

When are cardiac myocytes stained positive with persian blue?

Answer 19

Persian blue is positive for iron, it is found in chronic hemolytic Anemia.

Question 20

What’s the drug used for SVT?

Answer 20

Adenosin

Question 21

What is the drug of choice for WPW?

Answer 21

Procainamide.

Question 22

Person with Mitral Stenosis has increased LVEDP?

What does this indicate?

Answer 22

This indicates concomitant AORTIC VALVE DYSFUNCTION.

Happens in Rheumatic Heart Disease in 25% of the patients

Question 23

Left Parasternal lift indicates?

Answer 23

Right ventricular hypertrophy.

Question 24

Pulmonary Hypertension causes what change in the heart?

Answer 24

Right side heart failure because of INCREASED RIGHT VENTRICULAR AFTERLOAD