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Poultry > General midterm > Flashcards

General midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Nutritional cause of encephalomalacia in poultry?

A

Selenium and Vitamin E deficiency

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2
Q

PM signs in “sudden death syndrome” (6/7)

A

Oedema of the pectoral muscles and subcutaneous abdomen –> develops to deep necrotic areas in the pectoral muscles with haemorrhage (mottled muscles)

Kidney petechiae

Congestion of ova in layers

Cyanosis of comb

dilated atrial cardiomyopathy + contracted ventricles = conical shaped heart –> passive hyperaemia and lung congestion

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3
Q

Preventative measures in ND?

2

A

Vaccination

All-in-all-out system

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4
Q

3 active substances in ectoparasitic treatments?

A

Sevin (dusting), ivermectin, carbamyl, pyrethrin (in some)

TidBit:
ivermectin is old, newer drugs include moxidectin or selemectin

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5
Q

3 anti-coccidial agents in poultry medicine?

A

Toltrazuril (Baycox), Quinolones,

Ionophores

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6
Q

Potential causes of early embryonic mortality in hens?

5/6

A

incorrect positioning of chick inside the egg

low humidity or temperature

underdeveloped hatching muscle or Min+Vit deficiencies (due to poor nutritional state)

infectious agents

  • bacterial (salmonella)
  • viral (ND, IBD, IB, ILT, MD)

genetic lethal genes

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7
Q

Bacterial diseases of GIT in poultry (5)

A

Salmonella enteritidis, typhimurium
Colstridium perfringes
Mycobacterium avium (Tb)
Yersinia enterocolitica

(MY CopS)

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8
Q

Mycotoxins of poultry (

What produces them?

A

Aflatoxins (Aspergillus sp.)
Ochratoxin (aspergillus or penecillium sp.)
Fumonisin (Fusarium sp.)
Ergot (Claviceps sp.)

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9
Q

Which mycotoxin is nephrotoxic?

A

Ochratoxin

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10
Q

Sites of blood collection in poultry?

4

A

Vena jugularis (at apterium)
Vena ulnaris cutanei
Vena metatarsalis medialis
Cardiac puncture

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11
Q

Diseases of joints and tendons in poultry?

Infectious

A

Bacterial

  • Infectious synovitis (Mycoplasma synoviae)
  • Bacterial arthritis (staph, strep, klebsiella, pseudomonas, mycobacterium sp. etc.)

Viral

  • Reoviral arthritis (reovirus)
  • Marek’s disease (unilateral splay leg)
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12
Q

Diseases of joints and tendons in poultry?

Non-Infectious

A

Perosis (slipped tendon) - Ca:P imbalance

Uricosis (gout, articular form) - Low VitA + high protein diet

Degenerative joint diseases (inherited)

Avitaminosis B1+2 results in poor muscle development and paralysis

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13
Q

Potential causes of liver lesions during poultry PM?

7

A 
Histomonas meleagridis
Tb
Duck viral hepatitis (picornavirus)
Trichomonas gallinae
aflatoxicosis
hypovitaminosis A
Avian Leukosis
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14
Q

List the most important techniques used in a poultry physical exam (2)

A

Adspection + palpation

auscultation, percussion, etc. have little use in poultry

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15
Q

What is the bursa of fabricius?

What disease targets this organ specifically?

A

Primary lymphatic and hematopoietic organ in mature poultry. (Thymus is the primary lymphatic organ in immature chicks).

Produces RBC’s and B-Cells

Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro) - (Avibirnavirus)

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16
Q

What is fatty liver disease?

types, most commonly in, Cx, PM lesions

A

Pre, hepatic, post -

Often seen in caged birds fed a high energy diet (especially in summer)

Cx - heptomegaly, pale crumbly combs, reduced egg production (due to inadequate biotin or choline as it is used for excess fat metabolism)

PM seen as white/yellow fat all over the liver with varying degrees of haemorrhage

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17
Q

A) What is “uremic pericarditis”?

B) What is its pathogenesis?

A

A) Inflammation of the pericardium in relation to azotaemia.

B) Serofibrinous exudate fills the pericardium and in turn results in fibrinous pericarditis (Cor Villosum/Hairy heart disease). Depending on the degree of fibrous coverage it can result in cardiac tamponade or restrictive cardiomyopathy.

*Azotaemia - high levels of nitrogen containing products in the blood, often a sequel to kidney insufficiency/failure

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18
Q

Cause of NUTRITIONAL muscular degeneration?

What are its Cx?

A

Selenium deficiency

Cx - exudative diathesis (from muscle necrosis), illthrift, feather ruffling, ataxia and fatigue

TidBit:
Selenium is involved with “selenoproteins” which are essential to muscle growth and repair. Without these muscular disorders are seen. Selenium deficiency myopathy is called “White muscle disease”

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19
Q

Diseases manifesting in eye lesions in poultry?

5

A

Infectious

  • MD
  • ND
  • Infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum)
  • Fowl pox (Poxvirus)

Noninfectious
-Hypovitaminosis A

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20
Q

Diseases of female reproductive tract in poultry?

A

Infectious

  • Infectious bronchitis (Coronavirus)
  • ND
  • salpingitis (E.Coli, Salmonella, mycoplasma)

Non-infectious

  • oviduct prolapse
  • strictures
  • egg peritonitis (post-ovulatory retained egg, pre-ovulatory retained follicle)
  • ectopic ovulation
  • neoplasia
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21
Q

Causative agents of the following diseases?

I) Marek’s disease
II) Newcastle disease
III) Viral encephalitis
IV) Infectious bronchitis

A

I) Herpesvirus
II) Paramyxovirus
III) Arbovirus
IV) Coronavirus

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22
Q

pathogenesis of haemorrhagic diathesis?

3 routes

A

1) Damage to vessel walls
2) Exhaustion of clotting factors
3) Thrombocytopenia + thrombocytopathy

23
Q

Aetiological agents causing lesions on the nervous system?

3

A 
Marek's disease (herpesvirus)
Newcastle disease (paramyxovirus) 
Avian encephalomyelitis (Arbovirus)
24
Q

Differences in environmental conditions between a “setter” and a “hatcher”?

Temperature, humidity, movement of eggs

A

Setter - beginning of incubation
Temp: 37.4 - 38.2⁰C
Humidity: 50-70%
Eggs rolled 5x daily

Hatcher - end of incubation
Temp: 36.4 - 37.5⁰C
Humidity: 70-90%
No rolling of eggs

25
Q

Agents causing GIT lesions?

6

A 
Candida albicans 
Macrohabdus ornithogaster (megabacteria) 
Clostridium perfringes 
Mycobacterium avium (Tb)
Bornavirus (PVDD)
Eimeria necatrix, tenella
26
Q

Causes of respiratory diseases in poultry?

Acute and chronic

A

Parasitic

  • Syngamus trachea
  • Trichomonas gallinae
  • Capillaria caudinflata
  • Sternostoma tracheocolum (air sac mite)

Fungal
-Aspergillus flavus, niger

Bacterial

  • Chlamydia psittaci (Ducks)
  • Mycoplasma gallisepticum
  • Avibacterium paragallinarum (infectious coryza)

Viral

  • Infectious bronchitis (coronavirus)
  • infectious laryngotracheitis
  • Avian rhinotracheitis
  • Avian flu
27
Q

Cx of coccidiosis in poultry and the most pathogenic species?

A

Cx

  • Illthrift
  • Decreased feed and water intake
  • Weight loss
  • Decreased egg production
  • D+ (Bloody)

E. necatrix (cecum) and tenella (jejunum and cecum) are most pathogenic

E. maxima and acervulina are subclinical and silently affect production

28
Q

Causes of?
I) Avian Tb
II) Histomoniasis
III) Inclusion body hepatitis

A

I) Mycobacterium avium
II) Histomonas meleagridis
III) Adenovirus

29
Q

Which myotoxin has oestrogenic effect?

What produces this toxin?

A

Zearalenone

Produced by Fusarium sp.

30
Q

Which vaccines are given to chicks on day 1 and what route of administration is used?

A

Newcastle disease (paramyxovirus) as eye drops

Marek’s disease (Herpesvirus) as subcutaneous injection

Infectious bronchitis (coronavirus) as eye drops or in water

31
Q

What is spondylolisthesis and what causes it?

A

Slipping of vertebra (usually at the base of the spine)

Seen in 1-5% of broilers due to rapid growth rate placing tension on the spine causing slippage

Cx - legs are forward, backwards walking assisted by wings

32
Q

Common routes of administration of drugs in poultry (9)

A 
Sub-Q
IM
IO
Intra-dermal (wottle, comb)
IV
Per os in food or water 
aerosol per inhalation 
intra-sinus 
sub-conjunctival
33
Q

In plasma smapling in poultry, which anticoagulant do we use?

A

EDTA
Sodium citrate
LMW heparin

34
Q

Chick incubation time?

A

21 days (3 weeks)

35
Q

What is the causative agent of “limberneck” in water fowl?

A

Clostridium botulinum toxin (type C or E)

Type A and B affect dogs, cats and humans

36
Q

What condition can result from high levels of uric acid in the blood?

A

Uricosis

37
Q

Veterinary prevention of salmonellosis in poultry flocks?

A

Routine serological testing of flock to ensure flock is free from salmonella.

good hygiene and management to reduce introduction through feed, water or personnel as well as all-in-all-out system

good insect and rodent control as well as wild bird control

Good documentation to prevent introduction of new birds with salmonella

38
Q

What is the causative agent of “limberneck” in water fowl?

A

Clostridium botulinum toxin (type C or E)

Type A and B affect dogs, cats and humans

39
Q

Motor disorders in layers?

3

A

Osteopenia/cage layer fatigue

Uricosis (articular form) - gout

Amyloid Arthropathy

infectious - reoviral arthritis, bacterial arthritis, infectious synovitis (mycoplasma synoviae)

40
Q

Veterinary prevention of salmonellosis in poultry flocks?

A

Routine serological testing of flock to ensure flock is free from salmonella.

good hygiene and management to reduce introduction through feed, water or personnel

good insect and rodent control as well as wild bird control

Good documentation to prevent introduction of new birds with salmonella

41
Q

Hypovitaminosis D causes ………. in young birds and ……… in older birds

A

Rickets (young)

Osteomalacia (adult)

42
Q

General principles of a poultry exam?

A

Adspection + palpation

Head, eyes, nares, mm, feathers, legs, muscles (mainly breast), wings, cloaca

43
Q

Causes of immunosuppression in poultry?

8

A 
Infectious bursal disease 
infectious anaemia 
Marek's disease 
Newcastle disease 
Avian flu 
Mycotoxicosis 
poor nutrition (avitaminosis)
mite infestation
44
Q

Different types of poultry husbandry and the stages of egg rearing

A

Intensive - battery
Extensive - “free range”

setter –> hatcher –> broiler or layer

45
Q

Mechanism of egg development

A

takes 25 hours
infundibulum - yolk from ovary
magnum - egg white formed
isthmus - inner and outter shell membrane formed
shell gland/uterus - shell is mineralised
Vagina - cuticle added + oviposition
Cloaca - laying

46
Q

Indications for a cloacal exam?

A

retained egg (PORE)
Prolapse
sexing

47
Q

What cells can be seen in a poultry leukogram?
(5)

Total WBC range

A 
Eosinophils (0-3%)
Basophils (0-1%)
Heterophils (25-35%)
Monocytes (1-6%)
Lymphocytes(50-55%)

WBC = 20-35x10^9g/l

48
Q

Main chemical poisons affecting poultry?

A

Organophosphates
propane
NH3
Rodenticides

49
Q

Eimeriosis of pigeons
Sp.
Cs
Treatment

A

Eimeria columbae & columbarum

Bloody D+
illthrift
paralysis
poor performance in racing pigeons

Amprolium, baycox (toltrazuril) or sulphonamides

TidBit:
Pigeon owners are switching from Amprolium (the most commonly used coccidiostat in pigeons) to toltrazuril as in recent years some strains of eimeria have shown resistance to sulphonamides and amprolium.

Eimeria labbeana is another species mentioned in pigeon populations but is far rarer than columbae/columbarum

50
Q

Vitamin K and its importance in clotting?

A

K1 (plant derived), K2 (E.Coli derived in GIT), K3 (synthetic)

Vit K is used in liver to produce prothrombin

51
Q

3 types of nephritis in poultry?

A

Non-infectious glomerulonephritis

infectious pyelonephritis

haematogenous nephritis

52
Q

Describe heterophil morphology

A

PMNC with rod shaped granules and lobulated nucleus

53
Q

Dx and Treatment of protozoal parasites of poultry (3)

A

Coccidiosis (eimeria) - floatation with Kozak magara solution and treat with toltrazuril or potentiated sulphonamides

Histomoniasis - characteristic lesions (extensive necrosis of liver and cecum) treat with Emtryl (now banned), use metronidazole as it has shown efficacy in lab conditions

Trichomonas - crop smear treat with metronidazole

54
Q

Preventative methods in Newcastle disease

A 
All-in-all-out 
Sanitation measures
Hygiene of personnel and equipment 
good quality husbandry including nutrition 
vaccination

Poultry (2 decks)

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