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General midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Nutritional cause of encephalomalacia in poultry?

A

Selenium and Vitamin E deficiency

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2
Q

PM signs in “sudden death syndrome” (6/7)

A

Oedema of the pectoral muscles and subcutaneous abdomen –> develops to deep necrotic areas in the pectoral muscles with haemorrhage (mottled muscles)

Kidney petechiae

Congestion of ova in layers

Cyanosis of comb

dilated atrial cardiomyopathy + contracted ventricles = conical shaped heart –> passive hyperaemia and lung congestion

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3
Q

Preventative measures in ND?

2

A

Vaccination

All-in-all-out system

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4
Q

3 active substances in ectoparasitic treatments?

A

Sevin (dusting), ivermectin, carbamyl, pyrethrin (in some)

TidBit:
ivermectin is old, newer drugs include moxidectin or selemectin

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5
Q

3 anti-coccidial agents in poultry medicine?

A

Toltrazuril (Baycox), Quinolones,

Ionophores

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6
Q

Potential causes of early embryonic mortality in hens?

5/6

A

incorrect positioning of chick inside the egg

low humidity or temperature

underdeveloped hatching muscle or Min+Vit deficiencies (due to poor nutritional state)

infectious agents

  • bacterial (salmonella)
  • viral (ND, IBD, IB, ILT, MD)

genetic lethal genes

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7
Q

Bacterial diseases of GIT in poultry (5)

A

Salmonella enteritidis, typhimurium
Colstridium perfringes
Mycobacterium avium (Tb)
Yersinia enterocolitica

(MY CopS)

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8
Q

Mycotoxins of poultry (

What produces them?

A

Aflatoxins (Aspergillus sp.)
Ochratoxin (aspergillus or penecillium sp.)
Fumonisin (Fusarium sp.)
Ergot (Claviceps sp.)

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9
Q

Which mycotoxin is nephrotoxic?

A

Ochratoxin

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10
Q

Sites of blood collection in poultry?

4

A

Vena jugularis (at apterium)
Vena ulnaris cutanei
Vena metatarsalis medialis
Cardiac puncture

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11
Q

Diseases of joints and tendons in poultry?

Infectious

A

Bacterial

  • Infectious synovitis (Mycoplasma synoviae)
  • Bacterial arthritis (staph, strep, klebsiella, pseudomonas, mycobacterium sp. etc.)

Viral

  • Reoviral arthritis (reovirus)
  • Marek’s disease (unilateral splay leg)
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12
Q

Diseases of joints and tendons in poultry?

Non-Infectious

A

Perosis (slipped tendon) - Ca:P imbalance

Uricosis (gout, articular form) - Low VitA + high protein diet

Degenerative joint diseases (inherited)

Avitaminosis B1+2 results in poor muscle development and paralysis

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13
Q

Potential causes of liver lesions during poultry PM?

7

A 
Histomonas meleagridis
Tb
Duck viral hepatitis (picornavirus)
Trichomonas gallinae
aflatoxicosis
hypovitaminosis A
Avian Leukosis
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14
Q

List the most important techniques used in a poultry physical exam (2)

A

Adspection + palpation

auscultation, percussion, etc. have little use in poultry

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15
Q

What is the bursa of fabricius?

What disease targets this organ specifically?

A

Primary lymphatic and hematopoietic organ in mature poultry. (Thymus is the primary lymphatic organ in immature chicks).

Produces RBC’s and B-Cells

Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro) - (Avibirnavirus)

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16
Q

What is fatty liver disease?

types, most commonly in, Cx, PM lesions

A

Pre, hepatic, post -

Often seen in caged birds fed a high energy diet (especially in summer)

Cx - heptomegaly, pale crumbly combs, reduced egg production (due to inadequate biotin or choline as it is used for excess fat metabolism)

PM seen as white/yellow fat all over the liver with varying degrees of haemorrhage

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17
Q

A) What is “uremic pericarditis”?

B) What is its pathogenesis?

A

A) Inflammation of the pericardium in relation to azotaemia.

B) Serofibrinous exudate fills the pericardium and in turn results in fibrinous pericarditis (Cor Villosum/Hairy heart disease). Depending on the degree of fibrous coverage it can result in cardiac tamponade or restrictive cardiomyopathy.

*Azotaemia - high levels of nitrogen containing products in the blood, often a sequel to kidney insufficiency/failure

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18
Q

Cause of NUTRITIONAL muscular degeneration?

What are its Cx?

A

Selenium deficiency

Cx - exudative diathesis (from muscle necrosis), illthrift, feather ruffling, ataxia and fatigue

TidBit:
Selenium is involved with “selenoproteins” which are essential to muscle growth and repair. Without these muscular disorders are seen. Selenium deficiency myopathy is called “White muscle disease”

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19
Q

Diseases manifesting in eye lesions in poultry?

5

A

Infectious

  • MD
  • ND
  • Infectious coryza (Avibacterium paragallinarum)
  • Fowl pox (Poxvirus)

Noninfectious
-Hypovitaminosis A

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20
Q

Diseases of female reproductive tract in poultry?

A

Infectious

  • Infectious bronchitis (Coronavirus)
  • ND
  • salpingitis (E.Coli, Salmonella, mycoplasma)

Non-infectious

  • oviduct prolapse
  • strictures
  • egg peritonitis (post-ovulatory retained egg, pre-ovulatory retained follicle)
  • ectopic ovulation
  • neoplasia
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21
Q

Causative agents of the following diseases?

I) Marek’s disease
II) Newcastle disease
III) Viral encephalitis
IV) Infectious bronchitis

A

I) Herpesvirus
II) Paramyxovirus
III) Arbovirus
IV) Coronavirus

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22
Q

pathogenesis of haemorrhagic diathesis?

3 routes

A

1) Damage to vessel walls
2) Exhaustion of clotting factors
3) Thrombocytopenia + thrombocytopathy

23
Q

Aetiological agents causing lesions on the nervous system?

3

A 
Marek's disease (herpesvirus)
Newcastle disease (paramyxovirus) 
Avian encephalomyelitis (Arbovirus)
24
Q

Differences in environmental conditions between a “setter” and a “hatcher”?

Temperature, humidity, movement of eggs

A

Setter - beginning of incubation
Temp: 37.4 - 38.2⁰C
Humidity: 50-70%
Eggs rolled 5x daily

Hatcher - end of incubation
Temp: 36.4 - 37.5⁰C
Humidity: 70-90%
No rolling of eggs

25
Agents causing GIT lesions? | 6
``` Candida albicans Macrohabdus ornithogaster (megabacteria) Clostridium perfringes Mycobacterium avium (Tb) Bornavirus (PVDD) Eimeria necatrix, tenella ```
26
Causes of respiratory diseases in poultry? | Acute and chronic
Parasitic - Syngamus trachea - Trichomonas gallinae - Capillaria caudinflata - Sternostoma tracheocolum (air sac mite) Fungal -Aspergillus flavus, niger Bacterial - Chlamydia psittaci (Ducks) - Mycoplasma gallisepticum - Avibacterium paragallinarum (infectious coryza) Viral - Infectious bronchitis (coronavirus) - infectious laryngotracheitis - Avian rhinotracheitis - Avian flu
27
Cx of coccidiosis in poultry and the most pathogenic species?
Cx - Illthrift - Decreased feed and water intake - Weight loss - Decreased egg production - D+ (Bloody) E. necatrix (cecum) and tenella (jejunum and cecum) are most pathogenic E. maxima and acervulina are subclinical and silently affect production
28
Causes of? I) Avian Tb II) Histomoniasis III) Inclusion body hepatitis
I) Mycobacterium avium II) Histomonas meleagridis III) Adenovirus
29
Which myotoxin has oestrogenic effect? | What produces this toxin?
Zearalenone | Produced by Fusarium sp.
30
Which vaccines are given to chicks on day 1 and what route of administration is used?
Newcastle disease (paramyxovirus) as eye drops Marek's disease (Herpesvirus) as subcutaneous injection Infectious bronchitis (coronavirus) as eye drops or in water
31
What is spondylolisthesis and what causes it?
Slipping of vertebra (usually at the base of the spine) Seen in 1-5% of broilers due to rapid growth rate placing tension on the spine causing slippage Cx - legs are forward, backwards walking assisted by wings
32
Common routes of administration of drugs in poultry (9)
``` Sub-Q IM IO Intra-dermal (wottle, comb) IV Per os in food or water aerosol per inhalation intra-sinus sub-conjunctival ```
33
In plasma smapling in poultry, which anticoagulant do we use?
EDTA Sodium citrate LMW heparin
34
Chick incubation time?
21 days (3 weeks)
35
What is the causative agent of "limberneck" in water fowl?
Clostridium botulinum toxin (type C or E) Type A and B affect dogs, cats and humans
36
What condition can result from high levels of uric acid in the blood?
Uricosis
37
Veterinary prevention of salmonellosis in poultry flocks?
Routine serological testing of flock to ensure flock is free from salmonella. good hygiene and management to reduce introduction through feed, water or personnel as well as all-in-all-out system good insect and rodent control as well as wild bird control Good documentation to prevent introduction of new birds with salmonella
38
What is the causative agent of "limberneck" in water fowl?
Clostridium botulinum toxin (type C or E) Type A and B affect dogs, cats and humans
39
Motor disorders in layers? | 3
Osteopenia/cage layer fatigue Uricosis (articular form) - gout Amyloid Arthropathy infectious - reoviral arthritis, bacterial arthritis, infectious synovitis (mycoplasma synoviae)
40
Veterinary prevention of salmonellosis in poultry flocks?
Routine serological testing of flock to ensure flock is free from salmonella. good hygiene and management to reduce introduction through feed, water or personnel good insect and rodent control as well as wild bird control Good documentation to prevent introduction of new birds with salmonella
41
Hypovitaminosis D causes .......... in young birds and ......... in older birds
Rickets (young) | Osteomalacia (adult)
42
General principles of a poultry exam?
Adspection + palpation | Head, eyes, nares, mm, feathers, legs, muscles (mainly breast), wings, cloaca
43
Causes of immunosuppression in poultry? | 8
``` Infectious bursal disease infectious anaemia Marek's disease Newcastle disease Avian flu Mycotoxicosis poor nutrition (avitaminosis) mite infestation ```
44
Different types of poultry husbandry and the stages of egg rearing
Intensive - battery Extensive - "free range" setter --> hatcher --> broiler or layer
45
Mechanism of egg development
takes 25 hours infundibulum - yolk from ovary magnum - egg white formed isthmus - inner and outter shell membrane formed shell gland/uterus - shell is mineralised Vagina - cuticle added + oviposition Cloaca - laying
46
Indications for a cloacal exam?
retained egg (PORE) Prolapse sexing
47
What cells can be seen in a poultry leukogram? (5) Total WBC range
``` Eosinophils (0-3%) Basophils (0-1%) Heterophils (25-35%) Monocytes (1-6%) Lymphocytes(50-55%) ``` WBC = 20-35x10^9g/l
48
Main chemical poisons affecting poultry?
Organophosphates propane NH3 Rodenticides
49
Eimeriosis of pigeons Sp. Cs Treatment
Eimeria columbae & columbarum Bloody D+ illthrift paralysis poor performance in racing pigeons Amprolium, baycox (toltrazuril) or sulphonamides TidBit: Pigeon owners are switching from Amprolium (the most commonly used coccidiostat in pigeons) to toltrazuril as in recent years some strains of eimeria have shown resistance to sulphonamides and amprolium. Eimeria labbeana is another species mentioned in pigeon populations but is far rarer than columbae/columbarum
50
Vitamin K and its importance in clotting?
K1 (plant derived), K2 (E.Coli derived in GIT), K3 (synthetic) Vit K is used in liver to produce prothrombin
51
3 types of nephritis in poultry?
Non-infectious glomerulonephritis infectious pyelonephritis haematogenous nephritis
52
Describe heterophil morphology
PMNC with rod shaped granules and lobulated nucleus
53
Dx and Treatment of protozoal parasites of poultry (3)
Coccidiosis (eimeria) - floatation with Kozak magara solution and treat with toltrazuril or potentiated sulphonamides Histomoniasis - characteristic lesions (extensive necrosis of liver and cecum) treat with Emtryl (now banned), use metronidazole as it has shown efficacy in lab conditions Trichomonas - crop smear treat with metronidazole
54
Preventative methods in Newcastle disease
``` All-in-all-out Sanitation measures Hygiene of personnel and equipment good quality husbandry including nutrition vaccination ```

Poultry (2 decks)

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