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Poultry > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Feather diseases

A

Non-infectious

  • stress plucking
  • Avitaminosis B3 (Niacin)

Infectious
-Reticuloendotheliosis (Nakanuke disease) - Retrovirus

Parasitic

  • Lice (Menomon gallinae)
  • bed bugs (cimex sp.)
  • Ticks (Ixodes, dermatocentre)
  • Mites
  • -Red (dermanyussus gallinae)
  • -N.Fowl (ornithanyssus bursae)
  • -Deplumping (cnemidocoptes mutans, gallinae)
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2
Q

Skin diseases

A

Non-infectious
-Pododermatitis (“hock burn”)

Infectious

  • Bacterial
  • -Clostridium perfinges, septicum (gangrenous dermatitis)
  • -bumblefoot (s.aureus, gallinae)
  • -erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
  • viral
  • -Pox
  • -MD
  • fungal
  • -microsporum gallinae (white comb)
  • -Mycotic dermatitis (Rhodotorulosis)
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3
Q

Occular diseases
Non-inf
bacterial
parasitic

A

Non-inf

  • ammonia eye
  • A/Hypo/Hypervitaminosis A

Bacterial

  • infectious coryza (Heamophillus gallinarum)
  • mycoplasmosis (mycoplasma gallisepticum)
  • Salmonellosis (Pullorum + enteritis)

Parasitic

  • Philopthalmus gralli (oriental eye fluke)
  • Oxyspirura mansoni
  • trichomonas gallinae
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4
Q

Occular diseases
Viral
Fungal

A

Viral

  • Pox
  • MD (Grey eye)
  • Swollen head disease (ILT + ART)
  • ND (viserotropic, all genic strains cause at least mild KC)
  • Avian Flu (HPAI - Plague)

Fungal

  • aspergillosis
  • microsporum gallinarum (white comb)
  • candidensis
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5
Q

Circulatory diseases

Non-inf

A

Sudden death syndrome (Cardiac insufficiency)
Enzootic heart failure (heamorrhagic diathesis)
Ascites syndrome
Poisoning (Zn, Pb) - myocarditis
Arterial uricosis/calcinosis
aortic rupture
coagulopathy + heamorrhagic syndrome

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6
Q

Circulatory diseases

Infectious

A 
Bacterial 
Valvular endocarditis (Staph, strep, kleb,pasturella)
Fibrinous pericarditis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum) 
exudative pericarditis (Streptococcus)
Heamorrhagic pericarditis (cholera + plague)

Viral
Chicken infectious anaemia (Circovirus)
IB Hepatitis (Adenovirus)

Parasitic
Plasmodium gallinaceum (poultry malaria)
(Columbae + meleagridis also)
Leucocytozoon caulleyri (anaemia, heamorrhage, CNS)

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7
Q

3 types of anaemia and examples of their aetiology

A

RBC destruction

  • Blood parasites
  • toxicosis (heavy metals)
  • Autoimmune
  • Bacterial (endo/exotoxins)
  • Viral replication (CIA)

Blood loss

  • Haemorrhage (trauma/internal)
  • Blood sucking ectoparasites
  • Coagulopathies (internal bleeding)
  • heamorrhagic entertis (internal bleeding)

Inhibited RBC production

  • BM insult
  • chronic process (FE2+ exhaustion)
  • Nutritional (lack of required vits + mins)
  • Renal failure (No EPO)
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8
Q

Specific causes of anaemia in poultry
infectious
non-inf

A 
Infectious 
Plasmodium 
Leucozytozoon 
CIA
IBH
Non
HM poisoning 
Poisoning (MtHb, COHb, SHb)
AI
Nutritional 
BM (osteomyelitis, osteoporosis or fatty degen)
BM tumour
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9
Q

Aetiology of heamorrhagic diathesis

causes

A

Vasculopathies

  • IB
  • IBH
  • Toxins
  • Vit E + Selenium
  • septicaemia/bacteraemia

Thrombocytopathies

  • Primary (genetic)
  • secondary (drugs - sulphonamides)
  • Thrombocytopenia - mycoplasma, CIA, radiation

Coagulopathies

  • Vit K
  • Rodenticides
  • Genetic (Von Willebrands)
  • Liver disease
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10
Q

Bacterial diseases of the respiratory system?

A

Infectious coryza
(Heamophillus gallispeticum)

Mycoplasmosis
(Mycoplasma gallisepticum - chronic respiratory diseases, meleagridis - air sacculitis)

Chlamydiosis psittaci
(chickens often asymptomatic carriers, pathognomic green D+)

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11
Q

Viral diseases of the respiratory system?

A 
IB (coronavirus) - ruffled eggs 
Pox (Wet form) 
ND - velo,mesogenic viserotropic strains 
ART + ILT ("swollen head disease")
Flu (Plague)
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12
Q

Parasitic and mycotic diseases of the respiratory system?

A

Parasitic

  • Cryptosporidium bayleyi, meleagridis
  • Air sac mite (sternostoma tracheocolum)
  • Syngamus tachea (earthworm IH)

Mycosis
-Aspergillosis (brooder pneumonia)

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13
Q

Beak disorders
Beak cavity disorders
Crop disorders

A 
BEAK
Acquired
-Nutritional (rickets, MBD)
-Hypovitaminosis A (hyperkeratosis + sloughing) 
-Trauma (fighting, while rasping) 
-Parasitic (Cnemidocoptes)

Congenital
-Brachygnathia (“parrot beak”)

BEAK CAVITY 
B - stomatitis/glossitis (Chlamydia, klebsiella, mycobacterium, pasturella) 
V - Avipox (wet form) 
P - T.gallinae 
F - Sour crop (candidiasis) 
CROP 
Ingulvitis (inflammation)
-T. Gallinae 
-Candidiasis 
-Capillaria annulata, controta 
-gongylonema sp.

Hard crop - Impaction with straw (delayed emptying)
Soft crop - Vagus nerve damage
Exudative diathesis - hypovitaminosis E

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14
Q

Disorders of the proventriculous and gizzard

A 
PROVENTRICULOUS 
-Proventriculitis
Nutritional (straw diet)
Parasitic (tetrameres americana)
Bacterial (E.Coli, pasturella) 
Viral (ND, AL, Flu)
Fungal (Candidiasis, aspergillosis)

GIZZARD
-Dilation
soft food and low grit –> chronic inflammation –>dilation

-Constipation
Food too high in fibre –> solid mass –>cant pass

infectious

  • Bacterial (E.coli, pasturella)
  • Viral (ND, AL, Flu)
  • Fungal (Aspergillosis, candidiasis)
  • Parasitic (amidostomum anseris)

Stickywilly seeds (galinum aparine) –> stuck in mucous –> release glycosides –> nephrotoxic and mucosal necrosis of gizzard

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15
Q

diseases of the intestine and cloaca

A 
INTESTINE 
non-infectious 
-enteritis (toxic - CuSO4, Zn+Pb)
-Volvulus (related to enteritis or high worm burdens) 
-Hypomotility (nerve damage)

infectious

  • Malabsorption syndrome (Reovirus + other)
  • Enteritis (E.coli, salmonellosis, Tb)
  • ND (viscerogenic nodules)
  • AL (rare)
  • Candidiasis, aspergillosis

Parasitic

  • Eimeria tennela, necatrix, maxima, aceruvalina
  • ascarida galli, collumbae
  • capillaria obsignata
  • Heterakis gallinarum (histomonas meleagridis - black head)
  • prosthogonimus ovatus
  • davainea proglottina
  • railletina tetragonas
CLOACA
non infectious 
-stricture
-neoplasia
-agenesis 
-prolapse (D+ associated)

infectious
-cloacitis (commonly candidiasis)

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16
Q

Diseases of the BoF

A 
Infectious Bursa disease - "gumboro" (birnavirus) 
Avian leucosis (retrovirus)
Prosthagonamus ovatus (in young) 
Nutritional 
-Zn
-Methionine
17
Q

Diseases of the liver
Non-infectious
Parasitic

A

Non-infectious

  • HFLS (Heamorrhagic fatty liver syndrome)
  • Intoxification (Cu most commonly)

Parasitic

  • Histomonas meleagridis
  • Trichomonas gallinae
18
Q

Diseases of the liver

Infectious

A

Bacterial
Salmonellosis (pullorum, gallinarum, typhimurium)
Streptococcal
Mycobacterium avium (Tb) - proliferating form

Viral

  • IBH (Adenovirus)
  • DVH (circovirus)
  • MD (herpesvirus)
  • AL (retrovirus)
  • CIA (gyrovirus)

Fungal

  • Aflatoxicosis
  • Fusaritoxicosis (T2 + ochratoxin)
  • -Ochratoxin causes glycoden storage disease
19
Q

Female reproductive system disorders

A

NON-INFECTIOUS

  • a/hypoplasia
  • stricture
  • neoplasia (adencarcinoma of oviduct or leiomyoma of broad ligament/muscle)
  • cysts (ovarian cysts)
  • Trauma
  • Egg/yolk binding (complete/partial) (lower oviduct/upper oviduct)

INFECTIOUS
bacterial
-bacterial salpingitis (s. zooepidemicus)
-bacterial oophoritis (p. multicida)
-Mycoplasma infection (m.iowae)
-Salmonella (pullorum, gallinaceum, typhimurium)

parasitic
Prosthagonamus ovatus

viral

  • IBD (birnavirus)
  • EDS (Adenovirus)
  • AL (retrovirus)
  • Mareks (Herpesvirus)
  • IB (ruffled eggs)

Fungal

  • Fusariosis (zearalenone F2)
  • Candidiasis (cloacitis)
  • Ergot (abortion + EEM)
20
Q

Disorders of the male reproductive system

A

Non-infectious

  • testicular atrophy (physiological castration)
  • A/hypoplasia (congenital or underweight when developing)
  • Neoplasia (spermatocele, tumour)
  • cyst
  • uroliths

Infectious
Bacterial
-bacterial epididymitis/orchitis (streptococcus zooepidemicus, salmonellosis)
mycoplasma meleagridis (turkey venereal disease)

Viral

  • ND
  • MD
  • AL

Fungal
-Zearalenone (F2)

21
Q

Poultry AI

A

Turkeys most commonly due to size of bird making it unable to copulate successfully

Collection
-massage abdomen + testes while pushing tail forward to milk the semen with forefinger and thumb. (store at 4 degrees and use within one hour)

Insemination
-Hold hen upright and apply pressure to left side of cloaca to protrude oviduct. introduce semen (0.25ml chicken, 0.5ml turkey)

Chickens produce more semen with lower concentration (turkey is about half as much and twice as concentrated)

Chicken semen requires 1:1 extender, (this is also needed if semen is stored for longer than one hour)

22
Q

Disorders affecting egg output + management of egg production

A

Non-infectious

  • Stricture/retained egg (partial/complete)
  • yolk/egg peritonitis
  • nutritional (Ca, P, Vit D, biotin, choline, proteins/energy)
  • Environmental (Stress, overcrowding, light, presence of a male, appropriate bedding)

Infectious
Bacterial
-Salpingitis (salmonella, e.coli, mycoplasma)
-Ophitis (pasturella)

Viral
-Egg drop (adenovirus)

Fungal
-Aspergillosis (mouldy eggs)

parasitic
-prosthagonimus ovatus

Management

  • Bedding = deep litter (stops ammonia build up)
  • ventilation
  • Light (22 hours per day)
  • Temperature (26 for adult, 30 for juvanile)
  • Humidity (60%)
  • egg dipping (gentamycin)
  • continuous disinfection with formaline aerosol against aspergillus
23
Q

Hatching eggs and its control

A

Eggs takes 21 days to mature (chicken), 28 days (other fowl)

Chickens should be checked on 3-5 times per day and eggs collected. Dirty eggs not taken to hatch.

Pre-incubation (must reach this stage <7 days or hatchability severely falls)

  • 8-12 degrees, 75% RH
  • Blunt end up (air cell)
  • turn once per day
  • egg dipping

Setter

  • 37.4-38.2
  • 50-70%
  • turn 5 times a day

Hatcher

  • 36.4-37.5
  • 70-90%
  • Do not turn

Post-Hatch

  • Sexing
  • Beak trimming
  • Vaccination (MD,ND,IB)
24
Q

Causes of embryonic mortality and growth disorders

A 
Non-infectious 
Nutritional 
-Vitamins 
--A (hypo) - malposition 
--A (hyper) - decreased hatachability 
--B6 (biotin) - chondrodysplasia + parrot beak) 
--B2 (riboflavin) - dwarfism + anaemia 
--B12 (riboflavin) - muscle development (too much B12 can lower levels of B2)
--panthotonic acid - muscle development 
--niacin - muscle development 
--folic acid - beak development 
--Vit D - bone and beak development
  • Minerals
  • -Selenium + Vit E - muscular dystrophy and developent of hatcher muscle
  • -calcium
  • -phosphorus
  • Energy
  • -proteins
  • -fats
  • -calories
Management 
-Pre, setter, hatcher 
(temp, RH, turning, dipping) 
-post hatching 
-use of deworming drugs have shown to have negative effect on hatchability

Genetic
-lethal genes

Infectious

  • Bacterial (mycoplasma ionae, colliforms, pasturella, infectious coryza, staph, strep, salmonella)
  • viral (IB, IBD, ND, MD, Flu, EDS)
  • fungal (aspergillosis, zearalenone)
  • parasitic (prosthagonamus ovatus)
25
Q

metabolic disorders of the bones

A

osteomalacia/rickets - Ca:P / Vit d3
osteopetrosis - (genetic or infectious)
osteoporosis (caged birds, little exercise + high egg production)
chondrodysplasia (thickening of growth plates)
spondylithesis (slipped vert)
cage layer fatigue (after heavy laying period –> bird is fatigued –>cant reach food)
Mg, Zn, Cu (short bones if deficient)
niacin, pantetonic acid, biotin + B12 (bowed bones)

26
Q

Disorders of bones

Infectious

A

Bacterial
-osteomyelitis (pasturella, mycoplasma synoviae)
-femoral head necrosis (staph, step, e.coli) - due to spetic emboli
Viral
-retroviral osteopetrosis (stimulated osteoblasts creating more lamellar bone)
Fungal
-
Parasitic
-

27
Q

Muscle disorders

A

“Green muscle disease” - deep pectoral necrosis (exaggerated growth –> tightened fascia around pectoral muscles –> constricted BV’s –> stress + exertion –> rupture –> ischemia –> necrosis)

Growth myopathies (white strip + woody breast)

intoxification myopathy (ionophores [monensin] - coccidiostats)

transport/capture myopathy - “exertion rhabdomyelitis” –> hyperthermia + lactic acidosis –> myelitis

nutritional (vit E + selenium)

other nutrients that promote “growth”

  • B2
  • B6
  • B12
  • Pantethoic acid
  • niacin
  • biotin
  • choline

Trauma
Neoplasia

28
Q

Joint diseases

A

Infectious

  • Reoviral arthritis
  • bacterial synovitis (pasutrella)
  • mycoplasma synoviae

Non-infectious

  • gout (articular uricosis) - (renal failure –> azotemia + low vitamin A = gout)
  • niacin deficiency
  • spondylolithesis
  • trauma
  • neoplasia
29
Q

Tendon diseases

A

Infectious

  • Bacterial synovitis (pasturella)
  • mycotic synovitis (m.synoviae)

Non-infectious

  • Periosis (Low Mg, Choline, Zn)
  • Vulgus (outward rotation intermetatarasal joint)
  • Varus (inward rotation intermetatarsal joint)
  • tibial rotation ( Zn deficiency and fast growth rate)
  • crooked toes (low B6, PA, Choline during development shortening the tendons)
  • Tramua
  • Neoplasia
30
Q

CNS disorders

A 
Infectious 
Viral
-AEM (picornovirus) 
-ND (neurogenic strain)
-WNV (flavivirus) --> geese mainly 
-EEE (arbovirus) --> reservoir for horses 
Bacterial
-Botulism (toxin C + E) 
Fungal
-aflatoxicosis + dactylariosis

Non-infectious

  • Thiamine (B1) deficiency - opisthonus + death
  • Encephalomalacia - Vit E deficiency –> toticollis + death
  • Neoplasia
  • Trauma
  • Pb poisoning –> stargazing
  • Kidney insufficiency –> hyperbilirubinaemia –> kernicterus
31
Q

Peripheral nervous system disorders

A 
Infectious 
Bacterial 
-botulism (c + e toxin)
Viral
-ND (paramyxovirus) - neurogenic strain
-MD (Herpesvirus) - nervous form (unilateral leg splay)
Fungal
-Aspergillosis???
-Dactylariosis???
Parasitic

Non-infectious

  • Vitmain B2 deficiency (swollen ischiadic nerve –> curled toe paralysis)
  • Pb, As, Mg poisoning
  • Kidney insufficiency (kernicterus)
  • trauma
  • neoplasia
32
Q

Mycotoxicosis

A

Mycotoxicosis ingestion of pathogenic fungal species that produce toxins that have affect on the bird.

Severity is variable due to toxicosis often being opportunistic and unable to cause clinical disease in a healthy bird. Factors include age; nutritional status, immunological status, stress, concurrent diseases.

Vit C + E and selenium are important antioxidants against mycotoxicosis

Aspergillus flavus, fumigatus –> aflatoxin
Respiratory, ocular, reproductive

aspergillus + penecillium –> ochratoxin
Hepatonephrotoxic + reproductive, immunosuppressant

fumigatus –> F2 (zearalenone) + T2
F2 - oestrogenic
T2 - ATAleu

craviceps –> ergot
Extremities necrosis
abortion

??? –> dactylaiosis (mycotic encephalitis)
??? –> rhodotorulosis (mycotic dermatitis)

Mycotic infections (not toxicosis)
microsporum –> “white comb”
candadida albicans –> “sour crop”

33
Q

Intoxifications
Drugs
Chemicals + toxins

A

Drugs
-Ionophores (monensin) - osmolarity disruption (heamorrhage + lowering LD50 of sulphonamides)

  • sulphonamides (panleucopenia, heamorrhage and pale BM)
  • nicarbazine (lowered hatchability)
  • nitrofurasone (dilated heart –> ascites)
  • N-H-Arsonic acid - “duck walk ataxia”

Chems/Toxins
-PCB (found in fats of meat and eggs >5ppm)

  • teflon (heat lamps –> pulmonary oedema)
  • propane (used as fuel, heavier than air can cause suffocation)
  • QUAC (turkeys are very sensitive, >150ppm)
  • rodenticides (anticoags)
  • Salt (added to feed, >4g/kg fatal)
  • CuSO4 (used as treatment for candidiasis but causes CNS issues)
  • Mn + Pb (CNS heavy metal poisoning)
  • Thiram (used to treat seed that is fed, causes soft eggs and leg deformities - assume something to do with Ca)
  • CO (suffocation)
  • Ca (tetanic convulsions + gout)
  • NH4 (ammonia eye + hock burn + bumble foot from deep litter and poor ventilation especially during the winter) (uric acid –> ammonia by bacteria in litter)
34
Q

Tasks of a field practitioner

A

1) Preliminary checks (First 3 weeks, vet visits twice per week)
- bacteriological swabs
- Check litter + welfare
- serodiagnostics + Ab titres
- collect carcasses, PM
- coop cleaned + disinfected for next flock of birds to arrive (all-in-all-out)
- record

2) Records
- Daily deaths (<3%)
- food intake + weight change (if food intake increases but weight does not, assume pathology)
- Specialised shoe covers collect faeces for salmonella testing (done regularly)

3) Sampling
- serodiagnostic done with blood
- blood collection (Jugular, ulnar vein, metatarsal vein)

If dead –> necropsy
If sick –> Treat (is possible, cull if not)

35
Q

Welfare and its influence of productivity

A

Selective breeding + its issues
Selective breeding has chosen for individuals who grown the most and the fastest. This however has left gaps in the genetic strength of immunity found in poultry flocks as well as creating a whole host of growth, circulatory and metabolic disorders from such high production animals.

Welfare

  • All birds checked 2x daily
  • All birds should be kept maintaining the integrity of the 5 freedoms:
    1) Freedom from Pain/disease
    2) Freedom from stress/fear
    3) Freedom to express normal behaviour
    4) Freedom from hunger and thirst
    5) Freedom from discomfort

Housing conditions:
Temperature - 25/6 degrees for adults (30 for chicks)

Humidity - 60-65%

Light

  • Red/orange - prevents cannibalism + promotes reproductive success
  • Blue/Green - is calming and promotes growth

Space + enrichment

  • 750cm/bird
  • 15cm perch/bird
  • deep litter + nesting box

ventilation
-good ventilation to prevent NH4 build up

Protection

  • wildlife
  • diseases

Stocking density

  • Low(28Kg/m2) - GOOD perfomance
  • Medium (37Kg/m2) - POOR performance
  • High (40Kg/m2) - TERRIBLE performance

This study shows that even if you have more production animals in the same area, their feed conversation in stunted when the animals become to packed in due to increased stress, fighting, disease and death

Poultry (2 decks)

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