Final Flashcards

Question

metabolic disorders of the bones

Answer 1

osteomalacia/rickets - Ca:P / Vit d3 osteopetrosis - (genetic or infectious) osteoporosis (caged birds, little exercise + high egg production) chondrodysplasia (thickening of growth plates) spondylithesis (slipped vert) cage layer fatigue (after heavy laying period --> bird is fatigued -->cant reach food) Mg, Zn, Cu (short bones if deficient) niacin, pantetonic acid, biotin + B12 (bowed bones)

Answer 2

Bacterial -osteomyelitis (pasturella, mycoplasma synoviae) -femoral head necrosis (staph, step, e.coli) - due to spetic emboli Viral -retroviral osteopetrosis (stimulated osteoblasts creating more lamellar bone) Fungal - Parasitic -

Answer 3

"Green muscle disease" - deep pectoral necrosis (exaggerated growth --> tightened fascia around pectoral muscles --> constricted BV's --> stress + exertion --> rupture --> ischemia --> necrosis) Growth myopathies (white strip + woody breast) intoxification myopathy (ionophores [monensin] - coccidiostats) transport/capture myopathy - "exertion rhabdomyelitis" --> hyperthermia + lactic acidosis --> myelitis nutritional (vit E + selenium) other nutrients that promote "growth" - B2 - B6 - B12 - Pantethoic acid - niacin - biotin - choline Trauma Neoplasia

Answer 4

Infectious - Reoviral arthritis - bacterial synovitis (pasutrella) - mycoplasma synoviae Non-infectious - gout (articular uricosis) - (renal failure --> azotemia + low vitamin A = gout) - niacin deficiency - spondylolithesis - trauma - neoplasia

Answer 5

Infectious - Bacterial synovitis (pasturella) - mycotic synovitis (m.synoviae) Non-infectious - Periosis (Low Mg, Choline, Zn) - Vulgus (outward rotation intermetatarasal joint) - Varus (inward rotation intermetatarsal joint) - tibial rotation ( Zn deficiency and fast growth rate) - crooked toes (low B6, PA, Choline during development shortening the tendons) - Tramua - Neoplasia

Answer 6

``` Infectious Viral -AEM (picornovirus) -ND (neurogenic strain) -WNV (flavivirus) --> geese mainly -EEE (arbovirus) --> reservoir for horses Bacterial -Botulism (toxin C + E) Fungal -aflatoxicosis + dactylariosis ``` Non-infectious - Thiamine (B1) deficiency - opisthonus + death - Encephalomalacia - Vit E deficiency --> toticollis + death - Neoplasia - Trauma - Pb poisoning --> stargazing - Kidney insufficiency --> hyperbilirubinaemia --> kernicterus

Answer 7

``` Infectious Bacterial -botulism (c + e toxin) Viral -ND (paramyxovirus) - neurogenic strain -MD (Herpesvirus) - nervous form (unilateral leg splay) Fungal -Aspergillosis??? -Dactylariosis??? Parasitic ``` Non-infectious - Vitmain B2 deficiency (swollen ischiadic nerve --> curled toe paralysis) - Pb, As, Mg poisoning - Kidney insufficiency (kernicterus) - trauma - neoplasia

Answer 8

Mycotoxicosis ingestion of pathogenic fungal species that produce toxins that have affect on the bird. Severity is variable due to toxicosis often being opportunistic and unable to cause clinical disease in a healthy bird. Factors include age; nutritional status, immunological status, stress, concurrent diseases. Vit C + E and selenium are important antioxidants against mycotoxicosis Aspergillus flavus, fumigatus --> aflatoxin Respiratory, ocular, reproductive aspergillus + penecillium --> ochratoxin Hepatonephrotoxic + reproductive, immunosuppressant fumigatus --> F2 (zearalenone) + T2 F2 - oestrogenic T2 - ATAleu craviceps --> ergot Extremities necrosis abortion ??? --> dactylaiosis (mycotic encephalitis) ??? --> rhodotorulosis (mycotic dermatitis) Mycotic infections (not toxicosis) microsporum --> "white comb" candadida albicans --> "sour crop"

Answer 9

Drugs -Ionophores (monensin) - osmolarity disruption (heamorrhage + lowering LD50 of sulphonamides) - sulphonamides (panleucopenia, heamorrhage and pale BM) - nicarbazine (lowered hatchability) - nitrofurasone (dilated heart --> ascites) - N-H-Arsonic acid - "duck walk ataxia" Chems/Toxins -PCB (found in fats of meat and eggs >5ppm) - teflon (heat lamps --> pulmonary oedema) - propane (used as fuel, heavier than air can cause suffocation) - QUAC (turkeys are very sensitive, >150ppm) - rodenticides (anticoags) - Salt (added to feed, >4g/kg fatal) - CuSO4 (used as treatment for candidiasis but causes CNS issues) - Mn + Pb (CNS heavy metal poisoning) - Thiram (used to treat seed that is fed, causes soft eggs and leg deformities - assume something to do with Ca) - CO (suffocation) - Ca (tetanic convulsions + gout) - NH4 (ammonia eye + hock burn + bumble foot from deep litter and poor ventilation especially during the winter) (uric acid --> ammonia by bacteria in litter)

Answer 10

1) Preliminary checks (First 3 weeks, vet visits twice per week) - bacteriological swabs - Check litter + welfare - serodiagnostics + Ab titres - collect carcasses, PM - coop cleaned + disinfected for next flock of birds to arrive (all-in-all-out) - record 2) Records - Daily deaths (<3%) - food intake + weight change (if food intake increases but weight does not, assume pathology) - Specialised shoe covers collect faeces for salmonella testing (done regularly) 3) Sampling - serodiagnostic done with blood - blood collection (Jugular, ulnar vein, metatarsal vein) If dead --> necropsy If sick --> Treat (is possible, cull if not)

Answer 11

Selective breeding + its issues Selective breeding has chosen for individuals who grown the most and the fastest. This however has left gaps in the genetic strength of immunity found in poultry flocks as well as creating a whole host of growth, circulatory and metabolic disorders from such high production animals. Welfare - All birds checked 2x daily - All birds should be kept maintaining the integrity of the 5 freedoms: 1) Freedom from Pain/disease 2) Freedom from stress/fear 3) Freedom to express normal behaviour 4) Freedom from hunger and thirst 5) Freedom from discomfort Housing conditions: Temperature - 25/6 degrees for adults (30 for chicks) Humidity - 60-65% Light - Red/orange - prevents cannibalism + promotes reproductive success - Blue/Green - is calming and promotes growth Space + enrichment - 750cm/bird - 15cm perch/bird - deep litter + nesting box ventilation -good ventilation to prevent NH4 build up Protection - wildlife - diseases Stocking density - Low(28Kg/m2) - GOOD perfomance - Medium (37Kg/m2) - POOR performance - High (40Kg/m2) - TERRIBLE performance This study shows that even if you have more production animals in the same area, their feed conversation in stunted when the animals become to packed in due to increased stress, fighting, disease and death