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Epidemiology > General Methodological Concepts of Research > Flashcards

General Methodological Concepts of Research Flashcards

1
Q

Define Quantitative

A

Numbers used to represent data

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2
Q

Define Qualitative

A

Words used to represent data

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3
Q

What are the two branches of quantitative research?

A

Interventional, Observational

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4
Q

Define Interventional

A

Forced allocation to study groups

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5
Q

Define Observational

A

No forced allocation into study groups

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6
Q

Which study design is considered to be experimental?

A

Interventional

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7
Q

Which study design is considered to be natural?

A

Observational

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8
Q

This study design is useful for unethical study designs using forced interventions.

A

Observational

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9
Q

T/F: Most observational study designs are able to prove Causation

A

False; most observational studies are not able to prove Causation

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10
Q

What are the study designs of interventional studies?

A

Phases; 0-4

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11
Q

What are the study designs of observational studies?

A
  • Cross-Sectional
  • Case-Control
  • Cohort
  • Case Reports/Series; Ecological
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12
Q

List interventional phases in order of increasing evidence

A

Phase 0 –> Phase 4

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13
Q

List observational study designs in order of increasing evidence

A
  • Case Reports/Series
  • Ecological
  • Cross-Sectional
  • Case-Control
  • Cohort
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14
Q

In the research evidence pyramid, name the top two studies

A

Systematic Reviews; Meta-Analyses

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15
Q

In the research evidence pyramid, name the second-tier studies

A

Interventional (exploratory) trials; Pragmatic (explanatory) trials

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16
Q

What increases moving up the research evidence pyramid?

A

Strength of evidence

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17
Q

What study is truly capable of showing causation?

A

Interventional (exploratory) trials

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18
Q

There are about 7 elements which study design is based on, list them

A
  • Perspective of research question (hypothesis)
  • Ability/desire of researcher to force group allocation (randomization)
  • Ethics of methodology
  • Efficiency and practicality
  • Costs
  • Validity of acquired information (internal validity)
  • Applicability of acquired information to non-study patients (external validity, generalization)
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19
Q

What is the population in a human study?

A

All individuals making up a common group; from which a sample can be obtained if desired

20
Q

What is the difference between “population” and “study population” in human studies?

A

A study population is a sample of the population, a sample to represent the whole population

21
Q

What processes are used in drawing a sample from a population?

A

Random processes

22
Q

Study population selection is based on…

A
  • Research hypothesis/questions
  • Population of interest
  • Inclusion & exclusion selection criteria (iInterventional studies) and case & control group OR exposed & non-exposed group selection criteria (observational studies) impact external validity
23
Q

Define Null Hypothesis

A

A research perspective which states there will be no (true) difference between the groups being compared

24
Q

What is the null hypothesis asking of the data?

A

“To change our minds”

25
Q

T/F: Null hypothesis is the most conservative and commonly utilized

A

True

26
Q

What are the three statistical-perspectives a researcher can take?

A
  • Superiority
  • Noninferiority
  • Equivalency
27
Q

What does superiority compare to? What is its null?

A
  • The placebo, asking if we are better

- Ho: I am not superior

28
Q

What does non inferiority compare to? What is its null?

A
  • The “gold standard,” asking if as effective but with another benefit (ie, less expensive, not taking Rx as often)
  • Ho: I am worse
29
Q

What is equivalency looking for? What is its null? What must the data do?

A
  • Equality
  • Ho: I am not equal
  • Data must change our minds
30
Q

What are the two types of error in inaccurately-accepting or rejecting null hypothesis?

A

Type I and Type II

31
Q

What is a Type I error?

A

False positive

think: male, you’re pregnant

32
Q

What is a Type II error?

A

False negative

think: pregnant female, you’re not pregnant

33
Q

What are the kinds of sampling schemes?

A
  • Probability samples

- Non-probability sampling schemes

34
Q

What are the kinds of probability sampling schemes?

A
  • Simple Random
  • Systematic Random
  • Stratified Simple Random
  • Stratified Disproportionate Random
  • Multi-Stage Random
  • Cluster Multi-Stage Random
35
Q

What is the probability sampling scheme?

A

Most common; every element in the population has a known (non-zero) probability of being included in sample

36
Q

Define Simple Random Sampling

A
  • Assign random numbers, then take randomly-selected numbers to get desired sample size

OR

  • Assign random numbers, then sequentially-list numbers and take desired sample size from top (or bottom) of listed numbers
37
Q

Define Systematic Random Sampling

A

Assign random numbers, randomly sort these random numbers, select highest (or lowest) number, systematically (by pre-determined sampling-interval) take every Nth number to get desired sample size

38
Q

Define Stratified Simple Random Sampling

A

Stratify sampling frame by desired characteristics (ie gender), use Simple random sampling to select desired sample size

39
Q

Define Stratified Disproportionate Random Sampling

A
  • Disproportionately utilizes Stratified Simple Random Sampling when baseline population is not at the desired proportional percentages to the referent population
  • Stratified sample ‘weighted’ to return sample population back to baseline population useful for over-sampling
40
Q

Define Multi-Stage Random Sampling

A

Uses Simple random sampling at multiple-stages towards patient selection

“random on random on random on random”

41
Q

Define Cluster Multi-Stage Random Sampling

A

Also “random on random” but ALL ‘elements’ clustered together (at any stage) are selected for inclusion

ie, ALL clinics or ALL households in a community

42
Q

What is the non-probability sampling scheme?

A

Quasi-systematic or convenience samples

43
Q

What is the Quasi-Systematic or Convenience sample?

A

Decide on what fraction of population is to be sampled and how they will be sampled

ex: all ppl last name beginning w/ M-Z, all ppl attending clinic e/ M/W/F for 6 mons, all ppl referred by selected-peers

44
Q

What sort of bias is a concern in Quasi-Systematic or Convenience samples?

A
  • Selection bias

- There is some known or unknown order to the sample generated by the selected scheme which may introduce bias

45
Q

What are the two outcomes in human studies?

A
  • Patient-oriented (vs. disease-oriented)

- Individual vs. combined

46
Q

What is the most important and most useful outcome?

A

Patient-oriented

Epidemiology (7 decks)

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