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Epidemiology > Descriptive Epidemiology & Measures of Disease Frequency > Flashcards

Descriptive Epidemiology & Measures of Disease Frequency Flashcards

1
Q

Name the surveillance systems

A
  1. Passive
  2. Active
  3. Syndromic
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2
Q

Describe Passive Surveillance

A

Relies on HS to follow regulations on required reportable diseases/conditions

PHS tracks disease frequency/occurrence over time and within populations

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3
Q

Describe Active Surveillance

A

Public health officials go into communities to search for new ideas/condition cases

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4
Q

Describe Syndromic Surveillance

A

A system that looks for pre-defined signs/symptoms of patients related to trackable-but-rare disease/conditions

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5
Q

What is Biosurveillance and what system is it apart of?

A

Surveillance of human, animal, plant, and environment

Apart of the syndromic surveillance

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6
Q

What are the four stages of natural history of disease timeline?

A
  1. Stage of Susceptibility
  2. Stage of Subclinical Disease
  3. Stage of Clinical Diseases
  4. Stage of Recovery, Disability, or Death
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7
Q

What occurs between the Stage of Susceptibility and the Stage of Subclinical Disease?

A

Exposure

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8
Q

What occurs during the Stage of Susceptibility?

A

Pathologic changes

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9
Q

What occurs between the Stage of Subclinical Disease and the Stage of Clinical Disease?

A

Onset of symptoms

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10
Q

What occurs early in the Stage of Clinical Disease?

A

Usual time of diagnosis

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11
Q

What is Induction/Incubation?

A

Time between exposure and onset of disease

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12
Q

What is the latency period?

A

Time between onset of disease and disease detection (symptoms or diagnosis)

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13
Q

What is a Case Definition?

A

A set of uniform criteria used to define a disease/condition for public health surveillance

Enables public health to classify and count cases consistently across reporting jurisdictions

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14
Q

What is the CSTE?

A

Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists

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15
Q

What is the importance of the CSTE’s position statements?

A

These are used each year to provide uniform criteria of nationally notifiable infection and non-infectious conditions for reporting purposes

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16
Q

Define Epidemic

A

Occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy

Community/Period clearly defined

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17
Q

Define Outbreak

A

An epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease

Sometimes interchanged with “Cluster”

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18
Q

Define Endemic

A

The constant presence of a disease within a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas

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19
Q

Define Emergency of International Concern

A

An epidemic that alerts the world to the need for high vigilance (pre-pandemic labeling)

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20
Q

Define Pandemic

A

An epidemic spread world-wide (global health impact)

Multi-national/multi-continent

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21
Q

What is the Epidemic Curve?

A

A graphical, time-based depiction generated during an outbreak/epidemic reflecting the # of cases; by date

A histogram incorporating all 3 elements of descriptive epidemiology

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22
Q

What are the two things the Epi Curve can visually depict?

A
  1. Magnitude and Timing of disease occurrence

2. Pattern (shape) of disease occurrence

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23
Q

What is seen with the Magnitude and Timing of disease occurrence on the Epi Curve?

A
  • Sentinel or index case/peak/outliers

- Start/stop/duration

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24
Q

What is seen with the Pattern of the Epi Curve?

A
  • Common/Point Source (Continuous, Intermittent)

- Propogated

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25
Q

What is a common/point source?

A

Derived from a common, single point source for the outbreak

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26
Q

What is a propagated source?

A

Person-to-person

27
Q

What are the three types of relative measures of disease frequencies?

A
  1. Proportions
  2. Ratios
  3. Rates
28
Q

What is a proportion?

A

Division of 2 related numbers; numerator is subset of denominator

29
Q

What is a ratio?

A

Division of 2 unrelated numbers; numerator is not a subset fo the denominator

30
Q

What is a rate?

A

A proportion with time incorporated into the denominator

31
Q

What are the three key factors in comparing measures of disease frequency between groups?

A
  1. # of ppl affected/impacted (frequency/count)
  2. Size of the source population (from which disease cases or outcomes arose) or those at risk
  3. Length of time the population is followed
32
Q

How does epi work to compare the burden?

A

Standardization

33
Q

Define Incidence

A

New cases of disease

34
Q

Define Prevalence

A

Existing cases of disease + new cases of disease

35
Q

How do you leave the bathtub?

A

Cured, death

36
Q

How do you stay in the bathtub longer?

A

Treatment

37
Q

How do you calculate incidence?

A

(# new cases of illness / # ppl at risk of illness or in pop)

38
Q

What is one crucial factor to remember in calculating incidence?

A

Subtract from starting population those who already have the disease or are immune to the disease (those who are not at risk)

39
Q

How else can incidence be referred to?

A

Risk or attack rate

40
Q

What sort of population is incidence useful for?

A

Non-dynamic; time frames for numerator and denominator are the same

41
Q

What is Cumulative Incidence?

A

Incidence summed over multiple time periods

42
Q

What is Person-Time?

A

Product of # of ppl and length of time they are followed for

43
Q

How do you calculated Incidence Rate?

A

(# new cases disease / person-time at risk for the disease or in the pop)

44
Q

What sort of population is incidence rate useful for?

A

Dynamic populations; the denominator is commonly estimated (pop at certain time, avg pop throughout the yr)

45
Q

What is Incidence Density?

A

Incidence Rate summed over multiple time periods

46
Q

How do you calculate Prevalence?

A

(# existing cases of a disease / # persons in population)

47
Q

What is Point Prevalence?

A

Prevalence at a given point in time

48
Q

What is Period Prevalence?

A

Prevalence over a given period of time

49
Q

How do you calculate Crude Morbidity Rate?

A

(# persons w/ disease / # persons in population)

50
Q

How do you calculate Crude Mortality Rate?

A

(# deaths – all causes / # persons in population)

51
Q

How do you calculate Cause-Specific Morbidity Rate?

A

(# persons w/ cause-speficic disease / # persons in population)

52
Q

How do you calculate Cause-Specific Mortality Rate?

A

(# cause-specific deaths / # of persons in population)

53
Q

How do you calculate Case-Fatality Rate?

A

(# cause-specific deaths / # cases of disease)

54
Q

How do you calculate Cause-Specific Survival Rate?

A

(# cause-specific cases alive / # cases of disease) something about all individuals of pop

55
Q

How do you calculate Proportional Mortality Rate (PMR)?

A

(# cause-specific deaths / total # deaths in population)

56
Q

How do you calculate Live-Birth Rate?

A

(# live births / 1,000 population)

57
Q

How do you calculate Fertility Rate?

A

(# live births / 1,000 women childbearing age)

58
Q

How do you calculate Neonatal Mortality Rate?

A

(# deaths in those <28 days of age / 1,000 live births)

59
Q

How do you calculate Postnatal Mortality Rate?

A

(# deaths in those >/= 28 days but <1 yr of age / 1,000 live births)

60
Q

How do you calculate Infant Mortality Rate?

A

(# deaths in those <1 yr of age / 1,000 live births)

61
Q

How do you calculate Maternal Mortality Ratio?

A

(# female deaths related to pregnancy / 100,000 live births)

62
Q

What is infectivity?

A

Ability to invade a pt

infected / # susceptible

63
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

Ability to cause a clinical disease

w/ clinical disease / # infected

64
Q

What is virulence?

A

Ability to cause death

deaths / # w/ infectious disease

Epidemiology (7 decks)

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