Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine Year 3 > General Medicine - Cardiology > Flashcards

General Medicine - Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pharmacological secondary prevention of MI?

A

ACEi + Statin + Beta-blocker + Dual platelet therapy ( aspirin + clopidogrel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Tetralogy of Fallot? What are the four constituents?

A

Group of four structural abnormalities of the heart that occur together.

  1. Pulmonary Stenosis
  2. Ventricular Septal Defect
  3. Overriding aorta
  4. Thick Right Ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an atrial myzoma?

A

Non-cancerous tumour. Grows in the left or right inter-atrial septum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Drugs for pharmacological cardioversion for AF?

A
  1. Flecainide/Amiodarone (if no known structural abnormality of the heart)
  2. Amiodarone ( if known structural abnormality)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ABCDE of Heart Failure on CXR

A 
A - Alveolar oedema
B- kerley B lines
C- Cardiomegaly
D- Dilated prominent upper lobe vessels
E - Pleural Effusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Guidelines for Pharmacological treatment of hypertension

A

FL- ACEi/ARB - if under 55 and not Black
CCB - if over 55 and Black
2nd - Thiazide- like diuretic (Eg - Indapamide)
3rd - Beta- blocker or alpha-blocker (if beta blocker CI, eg on salbutamol inhaler)
4th - Aldosterone antagonist (Spirinolactone) can be given if K+ < 4.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Roth’s spots? Which condition do they present in?

A

Haemorrhages seen in the eye. Also called Litten’s sign.

Seen in Infective Endocarditis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What criteria is used for the diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis?

A

Duke’s Criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Takayasu arteritis?

A

rare type of vasculitis. affects young Asian women. causes occlusion of aorta. usually presents with absent limb pulse. associated with renal artery stenosis. managed with steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the main cause of death in HCOM?

A

Ventricular arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can of inheritance pattern does HOCM follow?

A

Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a common side effect of beta blockers to warn patients about?

A

Insomnia/ difficulty sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of pulse is seen in aortic stenosis?

A

Slow rising pulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the main causes of aortic stenosis in under 65s?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main cause of aortic stenosis in over 65s?

A

Calcification of aortic valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the time frame to classify an aortic dissection as acute?

A

If symptoms present within 14 days. More than that then it is chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of Aortic Dissection indicates surgery?

A

Stanford Type A, or Type B where there is evidence of end organ ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe DeBakey Type 1 aortic dissection.

A

AD propagate from ascending aorta and external arch of the aorta (may continue distally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe DeBakey Type 2 AD

A

AD confined to ascending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe DeBakey Type 3 AD

A

AD limited to descending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe Stanford A AD

A

AD involves ascending aorta and transverse aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe Stanford B AD

A

AD involves descending aorta only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is Stanford B AD managed.

A

Managed with Beta-blockers and analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which kind of chest pain is relieved by sitting forward?

A

Pericarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is chest pain relieved in Pericarditis?

A

Sitting forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ECG changes in Pericarditis

A

Saddle shaped ST elevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which drug is beta-blockers never prescribed with and why?

A

Verapamil. Risk of cardiac death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Verapamil is never prescibed with which class of drug?

A

Beta-blockers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is an Osbourne wave on ECG?

A

Positive deflection of J-point ( negative in aVR and V1)

30
Q

Which electrolytes cause ECG changes?

A

Calcium, magnesium and potassium

31
Q

ECG changes in hypercalcaemia?

A
  1. Decrease QT interval
  2. Lengthened QRS interval
  3. Bradycardia
32
Q

ECG changes in hypocalcaemia?

A
  1. Increased QT interval

2. decreased QRS interval

33
Q

ECG changes in hyperkalaemia?

A
  1. pointed T-waves
  2. P-waves wider and reduced amplitude
  3. Increased PR interval
  4. ST elevation in V1-V3
  5. QRS wider
34
Q

ECG changes in hypokalaemia?

A
  1. T wave wider and reduced amplitude
  2. ST depression
  3. P-wave increased
  4. U-waves present
35
Q

ECG changes in hypermagnesemia?

A

Third degree heart block/ asystole

36
Q

ECG changes in hypomagnesemia?

A

Arrhymthmias

37
Q

What is the classification used for Heart Failure? How many stages are there?

A

New York Heart Association Classification.

4 stages

38
Q

FL pharma treatment for angina prevention

A

Betablocker/ CCB

39
Q

What two factors point to myocarditis?

A

New onset chest pain + recent viral illness

40
Q

Interaction between phenobarbital and warfarin?

A

Phenobarbital induces CYP1A2 and reduces INR

41
Q

Holter Monitor

A

24-48 hour ECG monitor. Used for patients who present with palpitations

42
Q

Can Warfarin be taken while breast-feeding?

A

Yes

43
Q

8 Reversible causes of Cardiac Arrest ( 4 Hs and 4 Ts)

A

4Hs - Hypothermia, Hypoxia, Hypovolaemia, Hypokalaemia/hyperkalaemia/hypocalcaemia
4Ts - Tension pneumothorax, thrombosis, toxins, tamponade

44
Q

What is the Killip Classification used for?

A

Used to stratify risk of mortality post MI

45
Q

Reasons for rhythm control in AF

A
  1. Coexistance of HF
  2. First onset AF
  3. Obvious reversible cause (Eg- Pneumonia)
46
Q

What kind of breath sound can HF produce?

A

Polyphonic expiratory wheeze

47
Q

Treatment of Torsade de Pointes

A

IV Magnesium sulfate

48
Q

Presentation of Pulmonary hypertension

A

syncope, exertional angina, increase in sound of S2

49
Q

Treatment for SVT

A

IV adenosine

50
Q

Eisenmonger’s Syndrome

A

Eisenmenger’s syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.

51
Q

Treatment for major bleeding in patients on Warfarin

A

4 factor prothrombin complex concentrate 25-50 U/kg

52
Q

ECHO findings in HCOM

A

MR SAM ASH - Mitral regurgitation, systolic anterior motion of anterior mitral valve leaflet, assymetrical hypertrophy

53
Q

Presentation of HCOM

A

Young person - sudden colllapse, exertional angina, sudden death

54
Q

Pansystolic murmur and low grade fever. Think?

A

infective endocarditis

55
Q

Cause of third heart sound?

A

Normal is under 30 years old.

If not, left ventricular failure - dilated cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis, mitral regurgitation

56
Q

S1Q3T3 changes? which condition?

A

Saddle PE.
S1 - Prominent S-wave in lead 1
Q3 - Q-wave in lead 3
T3 - inverted T-wave in lead 3

57
Q

Collapsing pulse seen in which condition?

A

Aortic regurgitation

58
Q

Aortic stenosis symptoms pneumonic

A

SAD
Syncope
Angina (exertional)
Dyspnoea on exertion

59
Q

Elderly and diabetic. Think?

A

Silent MI

60
Q

Q-waves. Think?

A

Ongoing/ old MI

61
Q

NICE guidelines for management of provoked VTE

A

Warfarin - 3 months, then assess
LMWH/Fondaparinux - continued for atleast 5 days or INR >/= 2 for at least 24 hours, if active cancer, continue for 6 months

62
Q

V1 - V4, area and artery affected

A

Anteroseptal, LAD

63
Q

2,3 avF, area and artery affected

A

Inferior, right coronary

64
Q

V4-V6, 1, avL, area and artery affected

A

Anterolateral, LAD or left circumflex

65
Q

1,avL +/- V5-V6, area and artery affected

A

Lateral, left circumflex

66
Q

Tall R waves in V1-V2, area and artery affected

A

Posterior, left circumflex/ right coronary

67
Q

Immediate management of suspected ACS.

A
  1. GTN
  2. Aspirin 300mg
  3. If O2 < 94%, then give O2
  4. ECG
    Do not delay transfer to hospital
68
Q

Warfarin target INRs?

A

VTE - 2.5, if recurrent = 3.5
AF - 2.5
Mechanical valves, depends on valve type,
mitral INR > aortic INR
If INR = 5-8, skip 1-2 doses, reduced subsequent maintainence dose

69
Q

ECG change caused by Sotalol?

A

QT prolongation

70
Q

Which factors affected by Warfarin?

A

2,7 9, 10

71
Q

Emergency anticoagulation reversal?

A

Four factor prothrombin complex concentrate 25-5- U/kg + 5mg of Vit. K iv, if on warfarin, stop warfarin

Medicine Year 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions