General knowledge Flashcards
A bond formed from the union of two unpaired electrons, one from each atom, is called what?
A covalent bond
A relative force between 2 charged objects, either attractive or repulsive, is called what?
electrostatic forces
What do electrostatic forces depend on?
the distribution of electrons in the electron cloud of a molecule
A molecule with equal distribution of electrons that is therefore neutral?
non-polar molecule
A molecule with a partial separation of charge due to unequal distribution of electrons giving it a permanent dipole?
polar molecule
Polar molecules contain at least one of which atoms and why?
- F, O, N, S (in order of electronegativity from most to least)
- these atoms are more highly electronegative and therefore pull electrons into their clouds more strongly
Describe a polar covalent bond
electrons are still shared between the two atoms, however they are shared unequally, distorting the electron distribution and creating a permanent dipole moment
What is a dipole-induced dipole?
When the orientation/geometry of a polar and non-polar molecule result in the polar molecule inducing a shift in electron distribution in the non polar molecule giving it a temporary dipole moment capable of interacting with another molecule
What are the 4 types of non-covalent interactions in order of strength?
- Ionic
- charge-dipole
- dipole-dipole
- dipole induced-dipole
The closest possible packing between molecules is determined by what?
Van Der Waals radii
How many unpaired electrons are in the valence electron orbital of carbon?
4
How many unpaired electrons are in the valence electron orbital of oxygen?
2
How many unpaired electrons are in the valence electron orbital of nitrogen?
3
How many unpaired electrons are in the valence electron orbital of hydrogen?
1
How many unpaired electrons are in the valence electron orbital of sulfur?
2
