General Knowledge Flashcards by KAITLYN DANIELLE AZURIN

Aka Glycerin
Clear, syrupy liquid, with sweet taste
Miscible with water and alcohol
For topical preparations – humectant and emollient properties
For parenterals and oral solutions – solvent, sweetening agent, antimicrobial preservative (20-30%), viscosity enhancer

Glycerol

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Viscous fluid; miscible with water and alcohol
Solvent in place of glycerin
With antiseptic effect similar to alcohol: effective (15-30%) against molds similar to glycerin and slightly less effective than ethanol
Carrier for emulsifiers, vehicle for flavors

Propylene glycol

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Polar that is thought to aid in the penetration of drugs (Idoxuridine) through the skin

Dimethysuphoxide

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aka Mineral oil
Oily thus used for topical preparation in emulsion form
No longer used as base for oily nasal drops because of the possibility of causing lipoidal pneumonia if they are inhaled into lungs

Liquid paraffin

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Oleaginous preparations antioxidants

Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT)
Butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA)

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Inert gas antioxidant

Nitrogen

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Parenteral preservative

Benzyl alcohol
Parabens
Sodium metasulphite
Sodium bisulphite

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Ophthalmic preservatives

Benzalkonium chloride
EDTA

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Oral preservatives

Sodium benzoate
Parabens

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Creams preservatives

Benzyl alcohol
Parabens
Benzoic acid
Sorbic acid

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Masking flavors for salty taste

Apricot, butterscotch, liquorice, peach, vanilla, maple, wintergreen

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Masking flavors for bitter taste

Anise, chocolate, mint, passion fruit, wild cherry, walnut

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Masking flavors for sweet taste

Vanilla, fruits, berries

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Masking flavors for sour taste

Citrus fruits (lemon, orange, kalamansi, pomelo, family Rutaceae), liquorice, raspberry, root
beer

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Masking flavors for metallic taste

Grapes, lemon, burgundy

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Buffer

Acetic acid
Citric acid
Glutamic acid
Phosphoric acid

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Chelating agents

Calcium disodium edentate or EDTA

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Preservatives

Phenol (Antimicrobial)
Parabens, Benzoic acid, Sorbic acid (Antifungal)
Chlorobutanol
Benzyl alcohol
Thimerosal and Nitromersol (Antimicrobial)
Benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride (Antimicrobial)

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Sweetening Agents

Sucrose
Aspartame
Saccharin
Sodium cyclamate

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Colorants

Dye (D&C, FD&C, external D&C)
Lakes

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Wetting agents
Surfactants

Oral: polysorbates (Tween), sorbitan esters (Spans)
External: SLS, sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate, quillaia extract
Parenteral: polysorbates, poloxamers, lecithin

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Wetting agents
Hydrophobic colloids

Acacia, bentonite, tragacanth, alginates, xanthan gum, cellulose derivatives

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Wetting agents
Solvents

Alcohol, glycerol, glycols

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Flocculating agents
Electrolytes

Surfactants
Polymeric flocculating agents

Trivalent ions
Monovalent/divalent: sodium salts of acetates,
phosphates, citrates (now preferred)

Starch, alginates, cellulose derivatives, tragacanth, carbomers and silicates

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Viscosity modifiers/ Suspending agents
Polysaccharides

Acacia and tragacanth
Alginate, xanthan gum, starch

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Viscosity modifiers/ Suspending agents
Water soluble celluloses

Methylcellulose (Celacol, Methocel)
Hydroxyethylcellulose (Natrosol)
Carmellose sodium (Sodium CMC)
Microcrystalline cellulose

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Viscosity modifiers/ Suspending agents
Hydrated silicates

Bentonite, veegum
Magnesium aluminum silicate (veegum): attapulgite
Hectorite

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Viscosity modifiers/ Suspending agents
Carbomers

Carboxypolymethylene

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Viscosity modifiers/ Suspending agents
Colloidal silicon dioxide

Aerosil

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Emulsifying agent (Anionic)

Alkali metals and ammonium soaps
Soaps of divalent and trivalent metals
Amine soaps – triethanolamine
Sulphated compounds (SLS)
Sulphonated compounds (sodium dioctylsulphosuccinate) –
less widely used as emulgents; more often as wetting
agents/for their detergency

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Emulsifying agent (Cationic)

Quaternary ammonium compounds

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Emulsifying agent (Non-ionic)

Glycol and glycerol esters
Sorbitan esters (Spans)
Polysorbates (Tween)
Fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers

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Emulsifying agent (Amphoteric)

Lecithin

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Emulsifying agent (Naturally-occuring materials)

Polysaccharides: acacia
Semi-synthetic polysaccharides: methylcellulose and carmellose Na
Sterol-containing substances:
Beeswax
Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin)

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Emulsifying agent (Finely divided solids)

Clay and colloidal silicon dioxide
Aluminum and magnesium hydroxides

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Density modifiers

Dextrose, sucrose, glycerol, propylene glycol

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Isotonicity modifiers

Dextrose, sodium chloride, boric acid

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Filler/ Diluent

Lactose
Sugar alcohol (Glucose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol)
Cellulose (Microcrystalline cellulose: Avicel)
Inorganic substance (Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate)

Common diluents: Kaolin, lactose, mannitol, starch, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered sugar, and calcium phosphate

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Binder (Adhesive)

Polymers: PVP
Cellulose derivatives: HPMC, CMC, methyl cellulose, and ethyl cellulose
Glucose
Acacia: mannitol binder
Gelatin
Sucrose
Starch paste

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Disintegrant

Starch: potato, cornstarch
Starch derivatives
o Na starch glycolate
o Croscarmellose, crospovidone
o Explotab
Clays: veegum, bentonite
Cellulose: microcrystalline cellulose, Na, CMC, MCC
Gums: tragacanth, karaya, guar

Common disintegrants
o Corn starch and potato starch
o Starch derivatives (e.g., sodium starch glycolate)
o Cellulose derivatives (e.g., sodium
carboxymethylcellulose, crosscarmellose sodium)
o Clays (e.g., veegum, bentonite)
o Cation exchange resins

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Glidant

Talc
Colloidal silica
Magnesium stearate
Cornstarch
Brand: Syloid, Aerosil

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Lubricant (water soluble)

Boric acid
Sodium benzoate and sodium acetate
Sodium chloride
DL-Leucine
Carbowax 4000 or 6000
Sodium oleate, benzoate,
acetate
SLS or Mg lauryl sulfate

Talc, magnesium stearate and calcium stearate

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Lubricant (water insoluble)

Stearates (Mg, Ca, Na)
Stearic acid
Sterotex
Talc
Waxes
Stearowet

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Anti-adherent

Talc; cornstarch; Syloid; DL-leucine; SLS; metallic stearates

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Sorbents

Microcrystalline cellulose and silica

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Plasticizers

Glycerol, sorbitol, PEG, propylene glycol, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl subacetate, castor oil

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Opacifier

Titanium dioxide

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Film former

Cellulose acetate phthalate, HPMC, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose

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Glossant

Beeswax, carnauba wax

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Hydrocarbon base

Petrolatum, white petrolatum, white ointment, yellow ointment

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Absorption base

Lanolin, hydrophilic petrolatum

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Water removable base

Hydrophilic ointment

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Water soluble base

Polyethylene glycol ointment

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Suppository base
Fatty or oleaginous base

Water soluble and water miscible base

Miscellaneous base

Cocoa butter, fattibase, wecobee, witepsol bases

Glycerinated gelatin, polyethylene glycol

Polyoxyl-40 stearate

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Crack-U-Lator; 1 to 300 μm; attrition action

Roller mill

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Fitzmill Comminutor; 10 to <10000 μm

Hammer mill

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With two heavy granite stones mounted vertically like wheels are made to revolve

Chaser mill

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Combines sieving and milling into a single operation; Quick Sieve; Turbo Sieve; comill

Centrifugal-impact mill and sieve

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Useful in reducing the particle size of fibrous materials and act by cutting and shearing actions; 80 to 100 mesh
Applicable to animal and vegetable drugs but
not to friable materials

Cutter mill

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Makes use of two stone or steel grinding plates, one or both of which revolve to provide grinding mainly through attrition
Useful for soft and fibrous but not for abrasive materials

Attrition mill

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Pot mill or jar mill; attrition and impact; slow process; 1 to 300 μm

Pebble or ball mill

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Jet mill; solid material is subjected to streams of high-velocity elastic fluids; doughnut-shaped mill
For moderately hard and fibrous material but not for soft and sticky material

Fluid-energy mill

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Suited for the size reduction of heat- sensitive materials

Centrifugal-impact pulverizer

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Involves the passage of the mixed phases of dispersion between a stator and a high-speed rotor
Reducing the size of the dispersed phase in dispersion

Colloid mill

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Involves the passage of the mixed phases of dispersion between a finely ground valve and seat under high pressure

Homogenizer

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Uses autoclave
Also known as steam under pressure
Not used for sterilizing oil
Used for water-wetable materials and aqueous solution

Steam sterilization

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Uses oven – higher temperature and longer exposure
Used both for sterilization and de-pyrogenation
Used for sterilization of equipment, non- aqueous liquids, and other materials
that can stand the required temperature

Dry heat sterilization

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Physical removal of the microorganism by the adsorption on the filtering
medium or the sieving mechanism (membrane filter)
Bubble test – checks efficacy of the membrane filter
Membrane filter is used with a porosity of 0.22-0.45 micron
This can remove bacteria and molds
Used to sterilized volume of heat sensitive solution

Cold sterilization

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Uses gamma rays and the cathode rays
The ionizing radiation is a high energy radiation that will emit from high
radioactive isotopes like Cobalt 60
Used to sterilized heat sensitive materials and products

Sterilization by ionizing radiation

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Used in alkylating essential metabolites and interfere with the metabolism of
the bacterial cells
Used to sterilized plastic materials held under adequate ventilation
E.g.: Ethylene oxide, propylene, oxide, chlorine dioxide, beta propiolactone,
formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide
o Ethylene oxide – acceptable method for sterilizing plastic

Gas sterilization

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Commonly used for granules and free-flowing
powders. Mixing containers are generally mounted so that they can be rotated about an axis

Tumbling mixers or blenders

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Can both mix and granulate a product

High-speed mixer-granulators

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Main use is dry granules or coat multiparticulates

Fluidized-bed mixers

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Depend on the motion of a blade or paddle through the product; convection mixing, dead spots may not be eliminated during the process

Agitator mixers

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The mixing blade is set-off center and is carried on a rotating arm. Double rotation is similar to that of a spinning planet rotating around the sun

Planetary mixer

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This robust mixer deal with stiff pastes and ointments and depends it action on the close intermeshing of the two blades which resemble the Greek letter Σ in shape

Sigma-blade mixer

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Powder is compressed to a large tablet and uses hammer mill to reduce it to granules
Compression of a powder under 8000-12000 pounds of pressure

Slugging

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Powder is subjected into two large rollers to form thin sheet of powder. The sheet will form into a flake and will be reduced into granule form

Roller compaction

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Stainless steel mixing bowl containing a three-
bladed main impeller, which revolves in the horizontal plane, and a three-bladed auxiliary
chopper which revolves either in the vertical or
horizontal plane

Diosna, Fielder

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Based on the bowl and overhead drive of the
planetary mixer, but the single paddle is replaced by two mixing shafts. One of these carries three blades, which rotate in the horizontal plane at the base of the bowl, and the second, carries smaller blades which act as the chopper and rotate in the horizontal plane in the upper regions of the granulating mass.

Collete-Gral mixer

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Have a similar design with the fluidized bed dryer. The powder particle is fluidized in the slim of air but in addition the granulation fluid is sprayed from the nozzle on the bed of powder.

Fluidized-bed granulators

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Granules made from a solution or suspension of drug alone, a single excipient or a complete formulation. This is only used when other methods are not applicable

Spray-driers

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Produce pellets that are used for controlled drug release products following coating with a suitable polymer coat and filling into hard gelatin capsules

Spheronizers/spelletizers

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Complete or partial separation of the top or bottom of the tablet from the main body

Capping

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200 tablets per minute

Single-punch press (eccentric press)

used in scale-up and large-scale
productions; 10000 tablets per minute

Rotary press

Separation of a tablet into 2 or more distinct layers

Lamination

Separation of small portion of the tablet surface

Chipping

Adhesion of the granulation to the die and/or the build-up of materials on the punch faces

Sticking

Removal of materials from the surfaces of the tablet and adherence of the face of the punch
Consequence of the fluid delivery rate exceeding the drying capacity of the process
Tablet stick together and break apart

Picking

Unequal color distribution on surface
Lack of color uniformity

Mottling

Unacceptable differences in tablet weigh

Weight variation

Different in tablet hardness

Hardness variation

Done to separate the core from water that is used in a coating process
Waterproofing materials such as cellulose acetate phthalate, zein, shellac and specific resins are adhesive in nature
Dusting compounds such as asbestos-free talc and terra alba are applied in between 2 seal coats to prevent the tablets from sticking with one another and to the coating

Sealing

Applied to round off the tablet contour rapidly, to improve the bond between the seal coat and the sugar coat and to build up to standardized tablet size
Solutions used to subcoat are usually gelatin and/or acacia

Subcoating

Syrup coating and dyeing phase
3 basic phases such as grossing, heavy sugar coating and regular syrup coating

Syruping

Initiated when the desired color is attained
3 or 4 coats of regular syrup are applied rapidly without permitting the tablet bed to become dusty

Finishing

Done in a canvas polishing pan by allowing the coated tablets to roll in wax solution until high luster is produced

Polishing

To facilitate identification, usually printed with
manufacturer’s logo or code
Special edible inks

Printing

Premature drying of atomized droplets of solution
Spraying too viscous a coating solution

Orange peel or roughness

Internal stresses
Stress exceed the tensile strength of the film

Cracking

Bridging of monogram present in the surfaces of the tablet core

Logo bridging

Due to the migration of the plasticizer, dyes, or other additives in the coating formulation

Spotting

Reduces the adhesion between film and surface of the tablet due to rapid drying

Blistering

Due to the improper drying or a film former defect

Wrinkling

A presence of and oily film or a droplet of liquid on a film surface due
to the incompatibility between ingredients

Sweating

Due to the rapid drying between coats

Flaking

Due to humid condition or migration of plasticizer to the surface coat

Bloom

Formula of sedimentation volume

Stoke’s Law

Dosage form meant to disintegrate in the small intestine

Enteric coated tablet

Dissolution testing temperature

37 +/- 0.5

Property of liquids does HLB value (0-18) indicate

Solubility
High HLB (hydrophilic)
Low HLB (lipophilic)

Topical prep with high conc. of powders

Paste

Dosage form with backing material

Plaster

How many years before a manufacturer can reapply after revocation of LTO

5 years

License to procure, acquire, deal in or with drugs exempted from special Rx requirement

S1 license

Dipole-dipole interaction

Keesom

Fourth phase

Mesophase

Equivalent of Avogadro’s number

6.02x1023 particle

Which of the following is a coarse dispersion

Suspension

Max volume of single dose container

1000mL

Max volume of multiple dose container

30 mL

Other term for lozenges

Troches

Method of preparation for peppermint spirit

Maceration

Release of CO2 to mask disagreeable taste of drug (effervescent granules)

NaHCO3, tartaric acid, citric acid

Result of the partial hydrolysis of
collagen

Gelatin

Route of administration of vegetable oil

Intramuscular

Parts of aerosol

canister/container, valve, actuator, dip tube, propellant gas

Subcontracts a toll of manufacturer

Drug trader

Methods of water sterilization

Distillation
Ion-exchange
Reverse osmosis

Dye used in leaker’s test

Methylene blue

Types of glass container

Type I – Treated borosilicate glass
Type II – Treated soda lime glass
Type III – soda lime glass
Type IV – General purpose glass/containers

Method that would produce tablets of best quality

Wet granulation

Most widely used by manufacturers

Wet granulation

Economical and most stable tablet because you will use less equipment, less time-consuming, less labor cost, and no oven used

Dry granulation

Bulley shaped capsules

Pulvules

Spans and Tweens are

Surfactants

HEPA filters are used for filtration of

Biosafety cabinet

Primary packaging materials

Bottle, vials, jar, tubes, capsules, foils

Secondary packaging materials

Labels, box, package inserts, cartons

Stoke’s Monsanto

Measures hardness

Implantation tablets are administered by

Insertion into the body tissues

Improperly sealed ampules should be tested for

Dye leaker’s test

Reciprocal of viscosity

Fluidity

Most tamper-resistant container

Aerosol

Tamper-proof dosage form

Tablet

Which type of solution/s can be placed in a soft gel capsule?

Solution, paste, liquid, suspension, dry powder, pellets

Which type of solution/s can be placed in a hard gelatin capsule

Powder, tablet, small capsule, pellet mixtures,
granules, paste

Moist heat sterilization

Autoclave, steam sterilization, and biological
indicator Bacillus stearothermophilus

Sterilization for heat labile products

Bacterial filtration

Stable polymorph of Theobroma

Beta

Which of the following can be used as clarifying agent and suspending agent?
Bentonite, agar, acacia, tragacanth

Bentonite

Which of the following is NOT a tincture? Povidone iodine, sweet orange peel, belladonna, iodine

Povidone iodine

Commonly used sweetening agent
Gold standard

Sucrose

Used in food. Generally recognized as safe (before the Delaney amendment’s passage). Developed incidence of bladder
tumor on rat. Continued availability but warning label used

Is the 1st artificial sweeteners, which was
synthesized in 1879 by Remsen and Fahlberg.

SACCHARIN AND CYCLAMATE

Saccharin

1st artificial sweeteners (with Delaney clause) with requirement premarketing proof of safety
Poor water and heat stability

Aspartame

Structurally similar to saccharin, 130x as sweet as sucrose, excreted unchanged in the urine, more stable than
aspartame
Usually incorporated in diet soda since they are stable in water and heat

ACESULFAME POTASSIUM (NON-NUTRITIVE SWEETENER)

From Stevia rebaudiana, commonly known as sweetleaf, sugar leaf. Natural, non-toxic, safe, 30x sweet as sucrose

STEVIA

Thick black viscid liquid; by product of destructive distillation of coal
Banned for use due it carcinogenicity

COAL TAR (PIX CARBONIS)

Commonly used in the form of fine dispersions or suspensions
Water insoluble pigment

Lakes

FDA regulates the use of color additives in foods, drugs and cosmetics

FEDERAL FOOD, DRUG AND COSMETIC ACT OF 1938

Colorants that can be used for food, drug and cosmetics

FD&C COLOR ADDITIVES

Colorants that can be used for drugs and cosmetics

D&C COLOR ADDITIVES

Restricted to external parts of the body (not including the lips and other parts that are covered by mucous membrane)
Used topically

EXTERNAL D&C COLOR ADDITIVES

94.9%-96% by volume ethyl alcohol
Most useful solvent next to water
Antimicrobial preservatives
Recommended alcohol content for OTC products:
o 6-12 years of age (0.5%)
o over 12 years (5%)
o Adults (10%)
15% in acid media, 18% in alkaline
media

Alcohol USP

Hydroalcoholic solvents in pharmaceutical processes and preparations

DILUTED ALCOHOL USP (49%)

Alcohol rubbing compound
Composed of 8 parts by volume acetone, 1.5 parts of methyl isobutyl ketone and 100 parts of ethyl alcohol
Denatorium benzoate is added to prevent accidental or abusive oral ingestion (Denatorium benzoate is very bitter- prevents ingestion due to bitterness)
Used as rubefacient, soothing rub, germicide, skin cleaner and vehicle

RUBBING ALCOHOL (70% ETHYL ALCOHOL)

Miscible with water and alcohol
Used as preservative, stabilizer and auxiliary solvent, internal preparations

GLYCERIN USP/ GLYCEROL

Used as rubefacient, soothing rub, vehicle, preparing needles and syringes (diabetic patients) for hypodermic injection of insulin and skin disinfectant

ISOPROPYL RUBBING ALCOHOL (70% BY VOLUME)

Miscible with water and alcohol, useful solvent and substitute for glycerin
Can also be used as solvent for volatile substance

PROPYLENE GLYCOL USP

Water obtained by distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis or other suitable treatment.
It cannot contain more than 10 ppm of total solids and should have a pH between 5 and 7.
Used in prescriptions and finished manufactured products
except parenteral and ophthalmic preparations

PURIFIED WATER USP

Conforms to the standard of purified water but is also free
of pyrogens.
o Pyrogens – organism that produce fever; from Gram negative (-) organism; has the ability to produce endotoxin
Used as a solvent for the preparation of parenteral solutions
Water also obtained by distillation and reverse osmosis

WATER FOR INJECTION, USP

Water for injection that is sterilized and packaged in single dose containers of type I and II glass.
These containers do not exceed a capacity of 1 L, the limitations for total solids depend on the size of the container

STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION, USP

Sterile water for injection that contains one or more suitable antimicrobial agents.
It is also packaged in single or multiple dose containers of type I or II glass. These containers do not exceed the capacity of 30 mL.

BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR INJECTION, USP

Water that is purified by distillation or by reverse osmosis (i.e., water for injection) and rendered sterile.
It contains no antimicrobial agents, except when used in humidifiers or similar devices.
This type of water should not be used for parenteral administration or for other sterile dosage form.

STERILE WATER FOR INHALATION USP

Water for injection that is sterilized and suitably packaged.
It contains no antimicrobial agents or other added substances.
o Used for cleansing wounds

STERILE WATER FOR IRRIGATION, USP

Purified water sterilized and suitably packaged. It contains no antimicrobial agent. It is not intended for use in parenteral.

STERILE PURIFIED WATER USP

Problem encountered in suspension

Caking

Increase the viscosity of water by binding water molecules, thus limiting their mobility, or fluidity.

HYDROPHILIC COLLOIDS (ALSO KNOWN AS
HYDROCOLLOID)

Is a suspending agent usually used as a 35% dispersion in water (mucilage).
Its viscosity is greatest between pH 5 and pH 9.
Is susceptible to microbial decomposition.

ACACIA

A suspending agent, usually used as a 6% dispersion in water (mucilage).
o 1/10 is used compared to acacia
* One advantage over acacia is that less is
needed. It does not contain the oxidase that is present in acacia.
* This oxidase catalyzes the decomposition of organic
chemicals. The viscosity is greatest at pH 5.

TRAGACANTH

Is a suspending agent, a polymer that is nonionic and stable to heat and light.
It is available in several viscosity grades.
Because it is soluble in cold water, but not in hot water, dispersions are prepared by adding methyl cellulose to boiling water and then cooling the preparation until the
material dissolves.

METHYL CELLULOSE

A suspending agent and an anionic material that is soluble in water. Prolonged exposure to heat causes loss of viscosity

CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE

A suspending agent that are silicates and are anionic in aqueous dispersion.
They are strongly hydrated and exhibit thixotropy (the property of forming a gel-like structure on standing and
becoming liquid on agitation)

The official form is the 5% magma.

Is hydrated to a greater degree than bentonite. Thus, it is more viscous at the same concentration

CLAYS (E.G. BENTONITE, VEEGUM)

Bentonite

Veegum

Anionic gum that is primarily used to increase viscosity.
Its stability is affected by heating, dehydration, and
destruction of charge. It is also susceptible to microbial degradation

AGAR

Quasi-emulsifier that is used in the same proportion as tragacanth.

PECTIN

Provides good emulsion stabilization in a concentration of 0.5%- 1%. It may be anionic or cationic, depending on its
isoelectric point.
From the partial hydrolysis of collagen

Prepared from an acid treated precursor, is used in acidic media.

Prepared from an alkali treated precursor, is used in basic media

GELATIN

Type A gelatin (+)

Type B gelatin (-)

Water soluble dye O/W emulsion forms homogenous phase.

Amaranth green dye

Oil soluble dye W/O emulsion forms
homogenous phase

Sudan red dye

Sterile solutions of NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2 in water for injection. Used as vehicle for other drugs/alone as an
electrolyte replenisher and plasma volume expander

Ringer’s Injection USP

Contains NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and Sodium lactate. Used as fluid and electrolyte replenisher and a systemic alkalizer

Lactated Ringer’s Injection

Anhydrous and insoluble in water. They cannot absorb or contain water and are not washable in water

Oleaginous bases (Hydrocarbon bases)

Good base for oil-insoluble ingredients. It forms an occlusive film on the skin, absorbs <5% water under normal conditions, and does not become rancid.
Wax can be incorporated to stiffen the base.

Petrolatum

Are used constituents of oleaginous bases.
These esters include glyceryl monostearate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, and butyl palmitate.
Long chain alcohols (e.g. cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, PEG) can also be used

Synthetic esters

Are often used in topical and cosmetic preparation.
Examples: lanolin oil and hydrogenate lanolin

Lanolin derivatives

Anhydrous and water insoluble. Therefore, they are not washable in water, although they can absorb water. These bases permit water soluble medicaments to be included
through prior solutions and uptake as the internal phase

Absorption bases

Contains a high percentage of cholesterol as well as esters and alcohol that contain fatty acids. It absorbs twice its weight in water and melts between 36 C and 42 C

Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin)

White petrolatum combined with 8% beeswax, 3% stearyl alcohol, and 3% cholesterol. These components are added
to a w/o emulsifier.
Prepared forms include Aquaphor, which uses wool alcohol to render white petrolatum emulsifiable.
Aquaphor is superior in its ability to absorb water

OPHILIC PETROLATUM

May be w/o emulsion, which are water insoluble and are not washable in water. These can absorb water because of their aqueous internal phase.
May also be o/w emulsion, which are water
insoluble but washable in water. They can absorb water in their aqueous external phase.

Emulsion bases

W/O emulsion that contains approximately 25% water. It acts as an emollient and occlusive film on the skin, effectively
preventing epidermal water loss

HYDROUS WOOLFAT (LANOLIN)

Also known as “Petrolatum Rose Water Ointment”
W/O emulsion that is prepared by melting white wax, spermaceti and expressed almond oil together; adding a
hot aqueous solution of sodium borate; and stirring until the mixture is cool.
The use of mineral oil rather than almond oil makes a more stable cold cream. However, cold cream prepared with almond oil makes a better emollient base. This ointment
should be freshly prepared

Cold cream

O/W emulsion that uses sodium lauryl sulfate as an emulsifying agent.
It absorbs 30%-50% w/w without losing its consistency. It is readily miscible with water and is removed from the skin easily.

HYDROPHILIC OINTMENT

Also known as “Galen’s Cerate”
O/W emulsion that contains a large percentage of water as
well as humectant (e.g. glycerin, propylene glycol) that retards moisture loss.
An excess of stearic acid in the formula helps form a thin film when the water evaporates

VANISHING CREAM

A hypoallergenic, greaseless emulsion base

Non-greasy emulsion base that absorbs approximately 30% of its weight in water and has a pH close to that of the skin

Dermovan

Unibase

They are washable in water and absorb water to the point of solubility.

May be anhydrous or may contain some water.

Water soluble bases

Blend of water soluble polyethylene glycols that form a
semisolid base.
This base can solubilize water soluble drugs and some water insoluble drugs. It is compatible with wide range of drugs.
This base contains 40% PEG (3350 MW) and 60% PEG (400 MW)

PEG OINTMENT (POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS)

Form a gel when mixed with 2% hydroxypropyl cellulose.
This base is popular dermatologic vehicle

PROPYLENE GLYCOL OR PROPYLENE GLYCOL ETHANOL

Most widely used suppository base
It is firm and solid up to a temperature of 32°C, at which point it begins to soften. At 34-35°C, it melts to produce a thin, bland, oily liquid.
Is a good base for a rectal suppository, but it is less than ideal for a vaginal or urethral suppository. A mixture of triglycerides, cocoa butter exhibits
polymorphism. Depending on the fusion temperature, it can crystallize into any one of 4 crystal forms.
Major limitations of cocoa butter: inability to absorb aqueous solution and lowering of the melting point produced by certain drugs (ie. Chloral hydrate)

COCOA BUTTER (THEOBROMA OIL)

Contain natural saturated fatty acid chains between C12 and C18.
Lauric acid is the major component. All 12 bases of this series are colorless and almost odorless.
Do not exhibit polymorphism when heated
and cooled. The interval between softening and melting temperatures is very small. Since they solidify rapidly in the mold, lubrication of the mold is not necessary

Witepsoil bases

Derived from coconut oil
Their action is similar to that of Witepsoil bases.
Incorporation of glyceryl monostearate and propylene glycol monostearate makes these bases emulsifiable.

WECOBEE BASES

Hold quantities of fluid in an apparently dry state
Examples:
o magnesium oxide
o magnesium carbonate
o bentonite
o silicon dioxide

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