General Knowledge Flashcards
Which of the following is the most reliable respiratory sign of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in a French bulldog?
* Rapid respiratory rate
* Stertor
* Stridor
* Honking cough
Stertor
In cats with bilateral laryngeal paralysis respiratory obstruction is manifested by:
- Laryngeal stridor
- Exercise intolerance
- Regurgitation
- Mouth breathing
Mouth breathing
Stridor (a high pitched) noise heard during inspiration in a dog indicates?
Laryngeal obstruction
In a “cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate” situation, airway access is most easily achieved via;
Cannulation of the cricothyroid ligament
To avoid damage by an ET tube which of the following is advised?
* Using a high pressure low volume cuff
* Leaving the animal attached to the anesthetic circuits at all times
* Using a low pressure, high volume cuff
* Using a ET tube size less than 50% the diameter of the trachea
Using a low pressure, high volume cuff
Prior to BOAS surgery in a Pug with exercise intolerance and regurgitation you advise treating with which of the following medications?
Omeprazole
Which of the following would you include in a diagnostic work up for laryngeal paralysis in a 9 year old Labrador with stridor and exercise intolerance?
* ACTH stimulation test
* Elisa test for M2 antibodies
* Ionised calcium, PTHrP and PTH assays
* Thyroid panel
Thyroid panel
Which of the following is the most important conformational risk factor for BOAS in bulldogs?
- Nares stenosis
- Muzzle length
- Head Length
- Eye width
Nares stenosis
You intend to use a tracheostomy tube to bypass a laryngeal mass in a boxer. Which of the following techniques will cause less stricturing after removal?
* Removal of a section of tracheal rings 3-5
* A longitudinal incision through the tracheal membrane of rings 3-4
* A vertical incision through rings 3-5
* An H plasty incision of ring 3-5
- A longitudinal incision through the tracheal membrane of rings 3-4
Congenital laryngeal paralysis occurs in which of the following breeds?
- Bouvier des Flandres
- Chesapeake bay retriever
- Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
- Pug
Bouvier des Flandres
What is the most common laryngeal tumour in the cat?
Lymphoma
The nerve that deteriorates in laryngeal paralysis is the:
Recurrent laryngeal.
Stertor is best-described as a:
A) Low pitched noise most likely originating from the nasopharynx.
B) High pitched noise most likely originating from the larynx.
C) High pitched noise most likely originating from the nasopharynx.
D) Low pitched noise most likely originating from the larynx.
A) Low pitched noise most likely originating from the nasopharynx.
You are struggling to intubate a French bulldog with laryngeal oedema. The patient has become cyanotic with an Sp02 of 82% despite flow by oxygen. Which of the following is an appropriate immediate course of action?
Cannulate the cricothyroid ligament to deliver oxygen.
The easiest way to effectively augment a repair of the cervical trachea is to use:
A) A polypropelene mesh.
B) The sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus muscles.
C) A fascia lata graft.
D) The omentum.
B) The sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus muscles.
With temporary tracheostomy, what is the preferred technique to access the trachea?
A) Remove the ventral aspect of up to 3 tracheal rings.
B) Cut vertically through tracheal rings.
C) Split the membrane between cartilage rings.
D) Remove an oval of trachea from the ventral surface.
C) Split the membrane between cartilage rings.
The main risk factor for morbidity after arytenoid lateralisation is:
Aspiration pneumonia.
Obesity can contribute to respiratory disease due to a decreased tidal volume. Which of the following is not involved?
A) Abnormal glucose metabolism
B) Decreased lung compliance
C) Less effective respiratory muscles
D) Direct airway compression
A) Abnormal glucose metabolism
For tracheostomy tubes, which sizes would be sensible to have in stock in the veterinary practice to fit the average patient? (dog , cat)
5 for dogs, 4 for cats
What drug type would you give to a French Bulldog in the week before surgery?
Proton pump inhibitor
Which BOAS breeds has a softer larynx?
Pug
What are the main conformational risk factors for BOAS in Bulldogs?
A) Short nasal planum, narrow skull and thick neck.
B) Moderate/severe stenotic nares, thicker neck, wider and shorter skull.
C) Wide set eyes, wider head, short neck, large tongue.
D) Macroglossia, facial skin folds, wide set eyes and shorter skull.
B) Moderate/severe stenotic nares, thicker neck, wider and shorter skull.
To improve visibility when performing rhinoscopy what is appropriate to apply topically?
Xylometazoline
What is the significance of stridor on laryngeal auscultation?
A) Laryngeal stridor is usually the soft palate vibrating because it is too long or because the nasal cavity is obstructed.
B) Stridor is normal in brachycephalic breeds.
C) Laryngeal stridor is indicative of macroglossia.
D) Laryngeal stridor is heard when the dog has laryngeal compromise or collapse (grade 1,2 or 3).
D) Laryngeal stridor is heard when the dog has laryngeal compromise or collapse (grade 1,2 or 3).
When discussing surgery with owners we advise that:
A) Non-surgical management options, like weight loss, are unlikely to help.
B) Most dogs are improved, few are cured.
C) Bulldogs are the easiest dogs to operate on.
D) All pugs are likely to be cured, French Bulldogs are less dependable.
B) Most dogs are improved, few are cured.
Which of the following dogs is not a surgical candidate?
A) Grade 2 8-month-old Pug
B) Grade 1 8-month-old French Bulldog
C) Grade 2 8-year-old Pug
D) Grade 3 8-year-old English Bulldog
B) Grade 1 8-month-old French Bulldog
Which of the following is an indication that the surgical prognosis may be guarded?
A) Nasal stertor
B) Low temperature on admission
C) Breed
D) Older age
B) Low temperature on admission
For upper airway respiratory disease, sleeping disorders may be related to:
A) Laryngeal collapse.
B) Nasal obstruction.
C) Tracheal masses.
B) Nasal obstruction.
Risk factors for dehiscence of the cosmetic nasal planectomy technique include:
A) Width of the nasal planum.
B) Nose length to width ratio.
C) Extent of lip length past ostectomy.
D) Nasal depigmentation.
A) Width of the nasal planum.
What is the most suitable topical medication for instilling into the sinuses in cases of sino-nasal aspergillosis?
1% clotrimazole solution
Which of the following techniques is not used to decrease subcutaneous emphysema after a dorsal rhinotomy?
A) A dorsal tube
B) Aspirating any air percutaneously
C) Leaving a small hole in the suture line
B) Aspirating any air percutaneously
The most suitable biopsy technique for a nasal planum lesion in a cat is:
A superficial scraping with a scalpel.
The most likely location for metastatic spread of a nasal squamous cell carcinoma is:
The regional lymph node.
Where do most nasopharyngeal polyps in cats originate from?
Tympanic bulla
Which of the options below contains the most appropriate pre-operative preparation for rhinotomy patents?
A) BMBT, Biochemistry profiles, dental descaling and chlorhexadine oral rinse.
B) Pre-emptive temporary ligation of the carotid artery, non-adsorbable suture material and intra-operative rhinoscopy availability.
C) Blood profile including coagulation and typing, arterial blood pressure monitoring and blood availability.
D) Colloid bolusing, arterial blood pressure monitoring and coagulation profiles.
C) Blood profile including coagulation and typing, arterial blood pressure monitoring and blood availability.
For a foreign body in the choanae, the most suitable surgical approach would be a:
Ventral rhinotomy.
Ranulas result from trauma to the:
Sublingual salivary gland
