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Physiology III Final Exam > General Kidney/Urinary Bladder > Flashcards

General Kidney/Urinary Bladder Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the renal system?

A

EXCRETION, water/electrolyte balance, pH regulation, control of circulating volume, hormone secretion, gluconeogenesis

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2
Q

What is the typical daily fluid intake?

A

2300 mL/day (ingestion of food/fluid + carb oxidation)

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3
Q

How do we lose body water?

A

Breathing, through our skin, sweating, feces, excretion by kidneys

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4
Q

What is the most common electrolyte disorder?

A

Hyponatremia

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5
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Low plasma sodium via dehydration or overhydration

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6
Q

What things could cause hyponatremia due to dehydration?

A

Diarrhea, vomiting, overuse of diuretics (overall loss of sodium chloride)

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7
Q

What could cause hyponatremia due to overhydration?

A

Abnormally high secretion of ADH

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8
Q

What serious conditions can result from hyponatremia?

A

Edema, brain swelling, brain damage, death

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9
Q

Why is it important to not induce rapid correction of hyponatremia?

A

Gradual correction is necessary to avoid further damage

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10
Q

What is hypernatremia?

A

High plasma sodium due to dehydration or overhydration

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11
Q

What are things that can cause hypernatremia due to dehydration?

A

Excessive sweating, lack of ADH production/sensitivity

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12
Q

How can hypernatremia be caused by overhydration?

A

Abnormally high secretion of aldosterone

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13
Q

In which scenario do effects tend to be more severe: hypo- or hypernatremia?

A

Hyponatremia

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14
Q

Why are the effects of hypernatremia less severe than hyponatremia?

A

Cells resist damage from shrinkage

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15
Q

Hyponatremia, metabolic depression, and lack of adequate nutrition can cause what kind of edema?

A

Intracellular edema

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16
Q

Fluid leakage and lymphedema (lymphatic failure) can can what kind of edema?

A

Extracellular edema

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17
Q

A person who is sweating profusely is at risk for: hypo- or hypernatremia?

A

Hypernatremia

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18
Q

Does someone with hyponatremia have very high or low levels of sodium in their blood plasma?

A

Low

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19
Q

When standing, the kidneys are located around what vertebral levels?

A

L1-L4 (in the retroperitoneal space)

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20
Q

Where is the base of the medulla located?

A

Cortical-medullary border

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21
Q

What is the tip of the medulla called?

A

Papilla

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22
Q

What structures contract to propel urine to the bladder?

A

Calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter

23
Q

The kidneys make up about how much of cardiac output?

A

22%

24
Q

What makes the renal blood flow so unique?

A

2 capillary beds separated by efferent arterioles (glomerular and peritubular capillaries)

25
Q

Which set of renal capillaries has high hydrostatic pressure? Low?

A

High - Glomerular capillaries

Low - Peritubular capillaries

26
Q

Which set of renal capillaries causes rapid fluid filtration? Which allows for rapid fluid reabsorption?

A

Fluid filtration - glomerular capillaries

Fluid reabsorption - peritubular capillaries

27
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

28
Q

What are the two different nephron structures/areas?

A

Cortical nephron, juxtamedullary nephron

29
Q

Which nephron structure has a significantly longer Loop or Henle and penetrates deeper into the medulla?

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

30
Q

Are new nephrons able to be regenerated by the kidneys?

A

No

31
Q

After what age do we see a decrease in the number of functional nephrons?

A

40 (then 10% decrease every 10 years)

32
Q

Where are glomerular capillaries encased?

A

In the Bowman’s capsule

33
Q

What is the pathway of fluid being filtered from the glomerular capillaries?

A

Bowman’s capsule –> proximal tubule –> loop of Henle –> distal tubule –> connecting tubule –> collecting duct –> renal pelvis

34
Q

Which structural type of nephron has a short loop of Henle and barely penetrates into the medulla?

A

Cortical nephron

35
Q

Which are more common (70-80% of nephrons): cortical or juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

36
Q

What surrounds cortical nephrons?

A

Peritubular capillaries

37
Q

What surrounds juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Specialized peritubular capillaries called vasa recta

38
Q

What kind of muscle makes up the urinary bladder?

A

Smooth muscle

39
Q

What part of the bladder is where urine is collected?

A

Body

40
Q

What part of the bladder attaches to the urethra and passes inferior and anterior from the body?

A

Neck

41
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle involved in emptying the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

42
Q

Where is the trigone of the bladder located?

A

Posterior wall of the bladder

43
Q

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

At the upper trigone obliquely through the detrusor muscle

44
Q

What is the difference between the surface of the trigone and the rest of the bladder walls?

A 
Trigone = smooth mucosa
Rest = folded rugae
45
Q

What is the purpose of the tone of the detrusor muscle shutting down the ureters during micturition?

A

Prevents blackflow of urine

46
Q

What muscle is located at the neck of the bladder?

A

Internal sphincter

47
Q

What is the function of the internal sphincter?

A

Prevents emptying of the bladder until the pressure rises above the critical threshold

48
Q

What is the internal sphincter composed of?

A

Detrusor muscle and elastic tissue

49
Q

Which urethral sphincter is under voluntary control and made of smooth muscle?

A

External sphincter

50
Q

What is the innervation of the urinary bladder?

A

Pelvic nerves through sacral plexus (S2-S3)

51
Q

What kinds of fibers innervate the detrusor muscle?

A

Parasympathetic motor fibers

52
Q

What kinds of fibers detect the stretch of the bladder wall?

A

Sensory fibers

53
Q

What nerve innervates the external bladder sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve (somatic nerve fibers)

54
Q

What makes up the sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder and what does it stimulate?

A

Hypogastric nerves (L2); stimulate blood supply to bladder

Physiology III Final Exam (6 decks)

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