Clinical Aspects Flashcards
All of the kidney damaging disorders of nephrotic syndrome result in what?
Release of excess protein in the urine
What renal structures are lost in nephrotic syndrome seen in children?
Podocyte “feet” at the glomerulus
What is the renal structural change seen in nephrotic syndrome among adults?
Damage to the glomerular membrane via multi-system diseases like diabetes, lupus, or multiple myeloma (membranous glomerulonephritis)
What are the top two symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?
Proteinuria (foamy urine), edema
What are the treatments for nephrotic syndrome?
Decrease BP, ACE inhibitors, corticosteroids, dietary changes, blood thinners
What is another name for cystitis?
UTI (urinary tract infection)
What causes cystitis?
Germs (usually bacteria) entering the urethra and bladder
What things can increase the frequency of cystitis?
Catheters, blockage of bladder/urethra, diabetes, pregnancy, narrow urethra, immobility
What are the symptoms of cystitis?
Persistent urge to urinate, burning sensation while urinating, pelvis discomfort, lower abdominal pressure, cloudy/bloody urine with strong odor
What are ways to prevent UTIs?
Increased water intake, increased acid in urine via ascorbic acid/cranberry juice, chiropractic care :)
What is pyelonephritis?
Acute infection of the renal pelvis or parenchyma
What is usually the cause of pyelonephritis?
Ascending infection (UTI)
What is usually the only symptoms of pyelonephritis seen in children and elderly patients?
Mental confusion
What are the most common types of kidney stones?
Calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate
What is the term for the condition of having kidney stones?
Nephrolithiasis
Where is pain felt with kidney stones?
Flank region
What are the symptoms of kidney stones?
Flank pain, discomfort, nausea, vomiting, hematuria
What causes nephrolithiasis?
Imbalance of water, predisposition/family history
Why does water imbalance lead to kidney stones?
Urine becomes too concentrated and the solutes crystalize
What is polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?
Genetic disorder that causes the formation and enlargement of cysts in the kidneys
What the symptoms of PKD?
Hematuria, abdominal pain, frequent kidney stones and UTIs, high BP, liver/pancreatic cysts
What kind of PKD is seen in 30-40 year olds?
Autosomal Dominant PKD
Where do the cysts develop in Autosomal Dominant PKD?
In the nephrons
What kind of PKD is seen in young children or in the womb?
Autosomal Recessive PKD
Where do the cysts develop in Autosomal Recessive PKD?
In the collecting ducts
What the usual life expectancy for children with the worst cases of ARPKD?
Hours-days after birth
What is the treatment for PKD?
Medications to decrease pain and BP
Antibiotics for UTIs
Dialysis and kidney transplant after renal failure
