General Issues & Approaches to Psychological Treatments Flashcards
___________________ is evidence that a treatment has shown to be effective for reducing symptoms in a research setting.
Efficacy
_______________________ is evidence that treatment is effective in reducing symptoms in real-world situations.
Effectiveness
Efficacy has an emphasis on _________________ validity.
Internal
Effectiveness has an emphasis on __________________ validity.
External
In ______________________, participants receive the treatment that is being analyzed.
Treatment Groups
In a _____________________ , participants do not receive the treatment.
Control Groups
In _______________________, researchers observe participants’ change in symptoms from pre-treatment (baseline) to post-treatment.
Single-Participant Research Designs
What are the 3 design types?
AB, ABA, BAB
Efficacy = ________________
Labratory
Effectiveness= ___________________
Field
AB Design is ______________ vs. ______________
Baseline vs. Treatment
ABA design is _______________ vs. _______________ vs. ________________
Baseline vs. Treatment vs. Baseline
BAB design is _______________ vs. _______________ vs. ________________
Treatment vs. Baseline vs. Treatment
__________________ is a standardized metric that allows the results of research studies to be combined or analyzed.
Effect Sizes
_______________________ is the number of standard deviation differences between groups.
Standard Deviation Units (d)
_______________________ is the strength of association between variables.
Correlations (r)
_______________________ is the odds that an outcome (e.g., treatment improvement) will happen following (or not following) an intervention.
Odd’s Ratio (OR)
___________________________ is the probably of an outcome (e.g., treatment improvement) in a treatment group compared to the control group.
Relative Risk (RR)
__________ design is often used in crisis situations
BAB
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is most effective for treating what?
Anxiety disorders
Somatoform disorders
General stress
Bulimia
Anger control problems
Biases on ________________________ is that there is a higher tendency for publishing research that has statistically significant results.
Scientific Publication
___________________________ assist with assessment and treatment decisions, as well as being an evidenced-based guidance for clients who are diagnosed with specific disorders.
Clinical Practice Guidelines
_________________________ is using research literature to determine the best methods of assessment and forms of treatment.
Scientific Research
____________________________ is a treatment modality that has been found, following a series of randomized control trials or single-participant designs, to be effective for treating a particular condition.
Empirically Supported Treatments
_________________________ is a clinician’s professional experience and judgment.
Clinical Expertise
____________________________ is a client’s age, gender and social–cultural background, along with their expectations and preferences for treatment.
Client Characteristics
_____________________________ is the assumption that some core, UNDERLYING factors can cause of lots of different disorders.
Transdiagnostic Approach
__________________________ is a single psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on addressing the underlying factors that can explain symptoms of a variety of emotional disorders.
Unified Protocol
Treatment focus areas for ___________________ are reducing the amount of negative thinking, preventing unhealthy ways of avoiding unpleasant feelings, helping clients realize that they can tolerate those unpleasant feelings, and encouraging behaviours that facilitate positive rather than negative feelings.
Unified Protocol
Treatment focus areas for the ___________________ is addressing the underlying factors (e.g., negative thinking and avoidance tendencies) rather than simply the emotional disturbances (e.g., sadness and anxiety).
Transdiagnostic Approach
What are the pros of manualized therapy?
Scientific legitimacy, Establishes a minimum level of competence, Improvements in clinical training
Graduate school and clinical training, and a Decreased reliance on subjective clinical judgements
What are the cons of manualized therapy?
Threats to psychologist-client relationship, Diagnostic complications, Restrictions on practice, Debatable criteria for empirical evidence, and Concerns with equity and diversity
___________________ is the awareness, knowledge, and skills clinicians can display in order to best treat their clients.
Cultural Competence
______________________ is a clinical psychologist’s awareness of their own cultural influences (values, assumptions, and biases).
Cultural Self-Awareness
__________________________ is an attitude about diversity centered on the recognition of the limits of one’s own knowledge and an openness to learning about the identities and experiences of other people.
Cultural Humility
________________________ is the way treatments may need to be adapted for members of diverse cultures and groups.
Cultural Adaptation
Examples of __________________________ include guided imagery scripts specific to different cultures. The use of an interpreter, with support from the client.
Cultural Adaptation
What are the 6 parts of the stages of change model?
Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse
________________________ emphasizes how thoughts, emotions, attitudes, reactions and behaviours all impact each other.
CBT
Muscle relaxation, controlled breathing & pleasant imagery/self-statements are all examples of _____________________.
Relaxation Training
_________________________ is used in treatment of panic disorders.
Interoceptive Exposure
_____________________________ involves challenging biases and distortions that lead to negative emotions by looking for objective evidence to support them.
Cognitive Restructuring
____________________________ is when a person receives positive reinforcement for confronting a feared stimulus, and they are not allowed to avoid or escape the stimulus.
Contingency Management
_______________________________ is when a client observes others interact with the feared object or situation.
Behaviour Modelling
________________________________ is where the person confronts real objects, people or situations.
Vivo exposure
Exposure can be _________________, occurring over a number of weeks
Spaced
Exposure can be ____________________, occurring over a number of hours or days.
Massed
The focus of _______________________ is acceptance and change.
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
The goals of ________________________ are to modify emotional responses and rigid interactional patterns and foster and establish a secure emotional bond in the couple.
Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)
Steps ___ to ___ of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) is to foster couple alliance and identify interactional problems.
1 to 4
Steps ___ to ___ of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) is to promote change in each partner’s interactional styles and positions.
5 to 7
Steps ___ and ___ of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) are to develop new solutions to “old problems”.
8 and 9
_____________________ is a form of therapy that involves immersing oneself in certain experiences (e.g. art, drama, play, wilderness, and animal-assisted therapy).
Experiential Therapy
Psychodynamic Therapy focuses chiefly on ___________________________.
Unconscious conflict within the self
The primary goal of psychodynamic therapy is ____________________
To provide insight
_________________________________ is a family therapy approach designed to remove barriers to effective communication.
Strategic family Intervention
______________________________ is an alliance formed between two family members (such as mother and child); third member (such as the other parent) feels isolated or rejected.
Triangulation
___________________________________ is concerned with structure of relationships between family members, as well as between the family and the outside world.
Structural family therapy
