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TExES Generalist 191 > General Information > Flashcards

General Information Flashcards

1
Q

5 stages of learning geometry

A
  1. Visualization - recognize and name figures
  2. Analysis - describe figures and objects
  3. Informal deduction - classification of figures and objects
  4. Deduction - involves writing proofs from definitions
  5. Rigor - work in several geometrical systems
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2
Q

Accelerated erosion

A

Constitutes a major source of topographic change

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3
Q

Acrostic poem

A

A poem where the first letter of each line spells a word

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4
Q

Affix

A

A prefix or suffix

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5
Q

Age of Exploration

A

The 15th & 16th centuries

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6
Q

Alliteration

A

Repeated consonant sounds occurring at the beginning of words or within words

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7
Q

Alonso Alvarez de Pineda

A

Sailed the Gulf Coast in 1519 in search of a strait to the Pacific Ocean

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8
Q

Alphabetic knowledge

A

Knowledge of letter names and shapes. Acquired in a sequence that begins with letter names, then letter shapes, and finally letter sounds.

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9
Q

Alphabetic principle

A

An understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words

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10
Q

Using Syntactic Clues

A

Analyzing what an unfamiliar words’ placement in a sentence suggest about the meaning of the word is an example

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11
Q

Anaphora

A

The use of one word in place of another word

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12
Q

Anna Mary “Grandma” Moses

A

American artist

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13
Q

Attribute Blocks

A

Ideal for working on congruence and similarity

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14
Q

A balanced reading program consists of -

A

Explicit, systematic phonics instruction with meaningful, connected reading of informative, engaging text. It includes: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension

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15
Q

Ballad

A

Narrative poem (tells a story) set to music

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16
Q

Bar graphs

A

Use horizontal or vertical bars to contrast quantities

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17
Q

Barbara Jordan

A

First African-American woman from a southern state to serve in Congress when she was elected to the House of Representatives in 1973

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18
Q

Big books

A

Large, oversized books used in shared reading, usually at the emergent reading level

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19
Q

Biography/Autobiography

A

Nonfiction; contains factual information about a real person

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20
Q

Blending

A

Combining individual phonemes to form words or combining onsets and rimes to make syllables, then combining syllables to make words

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21
Q

Books of True Experience

A

Nonfiction; true stories about real events from a person’s life or parts of his/her life

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22
Q

Caddos

A

Coastal Plains. Hunters, fishers, farmers. The Caddo word for friends or allies is “Tejas” which is where “Texas” comes from

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23
Q

Cause and Effect

A

Lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects

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24
Q

Choral reading

A

Takes place when a group of students or an entire class reads out loud

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25
Q

Cinquain

A

A short, unrhymed poem consisting of 22 syllables distributed as 2, 4, 6, 8,2 in five lines

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26
Q

Circle graphs, or pie charts

A

Representing the relationship that each part has to be whole

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27
Q

Civics

A

Study of how society maintains order through government institutions and the political process

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28
Q

Cloze Procedure

A

An assessment method used to determine readability of a text that involves deleting words from the text and leaving blank spaces

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29
Q

Comparison/Contrast

A

Explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different

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30
Q

Comprehension

A

Getting meaning from written text. Activating and using background knowledge, generating and asking questions, making inferences, predicting, summarizing, visualizing

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31
Q

Congruent Figures

A

Have exactly the same size

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32
Q

Consonant Blend

A

Consists of two or more consonants together in such a way that each is heard - like the blend of b and l in the word “blend”

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33
Q

Consonant Diagraph

A

Consist of two consonants that together represent one sound - like the “ph” sound in the word “diagraph”

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34
Q

Content Literacy

A

Used to describe the ability to use written texts as sources of information about a given topic or area

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35
Q

Continental Drift

A

Change in the positions of continents over long periods of time

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36
Q

Contractions

A

Reductions

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37
Q

Counting Bars

A

Illustrates congruence and similarity

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38
Q

Cultural Geography

A

Focuses on the relationships between people and their physical environments

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39
Q

Decodable Text

A

Text in which most of the words are made up of sound-letter relationships that have been taught, but that contain enough high-frequency irregular, and story words to make them sound natural

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40
Q

Decoding

A

The process of translating written words using letter-sound correspondence and blending the sounds into words

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41
Q

Diamante

A

A seven-lined poem set up in a diamond shape

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42
Q

Dilations

A

Expansions

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43
Q

Diphthong

A

A vowel pain in which the sound glides from one vowel to the other, or two vowels make another sound - oi, oy, ou, ow, and oe

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44
Q

Directed Reading Activity (DRA)

A

Teacher activates and develops schemata by linking the topic of the text to students’ own experiences or finding ways to get students interested in an unfamiliar topic (teacher director activity)

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45
Q

Drama

A

Fictional play/story; plot carried by dialogue

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46
Q

Effective Sequence for Phoneme Introduction

A
  1. Phoneme comparison in the following order: beginning, ending, middle sounds
  2. Phoneme blending
  3. Linking letters
  4. Manipulating phonemes through deletion, addition, substitution
  5. Phoneme segmentation
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47
Q

Emergent Literacy

A

Children’s beliefs about and experiences with reading and writing prior to formal instruction

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48
Q

Environmental Print

A

Written text that’s observable in one’s surroundings - signs, labels, stickers, billboards, brand names

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49
Q

Erosion

A

Breaking down and removal of physical material

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50
Q

Evaluative Comprehension

A

Ability to use critical thinking skills, logical analysis, and aesthetic considerations to evaluate a text

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51
Q

Expository Texts

A

Texts that provide factual information and explanations

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52
Q

Expository Writing

A

Type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform

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53
Q

Expressive Language Skills

A

Speaking and writing

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54
Q

Fable

A

Fiction; short brief stories that teach a lesson or moral

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55
Q

Fantasy/Science Fiction

A

Fiction; plots contain some elements that could not happen in the world as we know it today

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56
Q

Flat Character

A

Not fully developed, we only know one side of the character

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57
Q

Fluency Stage

A

Children become more familiar with written language, and their decoding becomes more automatic as a result of learning more sight words

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58
Q

Fluent Reading

A

Ability to read quickly, accurately, smoothly, and with expression.

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59
Q

Folklore

A

The songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of people or “folk” as handed down by word of mouth

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60
Q

Folktales

A

Fiction; stories are not intended to be accepted as true, larger-than-life characters and very unusual happenings

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61
Q

Form

A

Three-dimensional quality of objects - depth, height, weight

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62
Q

Free Verse

A

Poetry that lacks rhyme and structured meter

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63
Q

Frustration Reading Level

A

Student pronounces less than 50% of the words correctly and answers less than 70% of questions correctly

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64
Q

Geography

A

The study of the Earth and its inhabitants

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65
Q

Graphemes

A

The letters that spell the sounds in a word; e.g. in the word “cat” the sound /k/ is represented by the grapheme (letter) “c”

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66
Q

Graphic Organizer

A

Visual representation of textual content

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67
Q

Graphophonemic

Knowledge

A

Letter recognition and letter-sound correspondence

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68
Q

Graphophonic Cues

A

Cues based on letter-sound correspondence that helps readers decode text and determine its meaning (When readers are using letter sounds and their position in words to help decode a word)

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69
Q

Guided Reading

A

The teacher explains the purpose for reading a particular text, as well as the structure for how to respond to what is read. Supports and extends reading process

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70
Q

Haiku

A

An unrhymed Japanese verse consisting of three lines of 5, 7, 5 syllables or 17 syllables in all

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71
Q

Harmony

A

Accompaniment of a song

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72
Q

Health-related Fitness

A

Promote for the development of better health now and in the future

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73
Q

Helen Keller

A

Blind, deaf, and dumb American writer

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74
Q

Historical Fiction

A

Fiction; based on real historical events

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75
Q

Historical Probability

A

Based upon data accumulation over time

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76
Q

How to Identify a Student’s Word Identification Strategies

A

Ask the student to explain how he/she figured out a word

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77
Q

History

A

Study of the material record of the past

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78
Q

Hue

A

Name of the color

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79
Q

Independent Reading Level

A

Student pronounces 95% or more of words correctly and shows more than 90% accuracy in response to comprehension questions

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80
Q

Inferential Comprehension

A

Understanding of information that isn’t explicitly given, but rather implied in a written passage. Make predictions. Reading between the lines.

81
Q

Informational Books/Articles

A

Nonfiction; contains factual information about a specific subject

82
Q

Initial Reading Stage

A

Sound out many of the words they read through phonic analysis

83
Q

Inquiry Teaching

A

When teachers ask and then help students answer questions by proposing hypotheses, gathering and evaluating data, and generating conclusions. This promotes an understanding of the Scientific Method

84
Q

Instructional Reading Level

A

Student pronounces 90-94% of the words correctly and 70-89% of the questions correctly

85
Q

Intensity

A

Brightness or dullness of color

86
Q

Intonation

A

Patterns of pitch that contribute to the meanings of phrases and sentences

87
Q

Invented or Temporary Spelling

A

Helps to increase phonemic awareness and increases knowledge of spelling patterns

88
Q

Irregular/High-Frequency Words

A

Words that appear often in printed English (e.g. a, the in, to, no, you, for), but are not readily decodable in the early stages of reading instruction

89
Q

K-W-L Teaching Model

A

K - What I know
W - What I want to know
L - What I learned
Relies on metacognition

90
Q

Karankawas

A

Along the Texas coast, lived in family groups and had a nomadic lifestyle

91
Q

Legend

A

Fiction; plots center around adventures of heroic figures

92
Q

Leveled Books

A

Books that have been sorted according to level of difficulty so that children and teachers can select books at the child’s appropriate reading level

93
Q

Limerick

A

A rhymed, humorous, nonsense poem of five lines with the last line ending in a surprise twist. Highly controlled - lines 1, 2, and 5 rhyme. Lines 3 and 4 rhyme

94
Q

Line

A

Mark made by moving a tool across a surface

95
Q

Line graphs

A

Show changes in quantity and other variables over time

96
Q

Literal Comprehension

A

Refers to the understanding of information that is explicitly stated in a written passage. (Main idea, sequence of events, knowledge of vocabulary)

97
Q

Literary Elements

A

Character, plot, setting, theme, point of view, tone, style

98
Q

Lyric Poem

A

Rhythmic and melodic poem

99
Q

Ma Ferguson

A

First of two women to serve as governor of Texas

100
Q

Mathematical Probability

A

Based upon chance - the likelihood of an event occurring

101
Q

Mean

A

Average of a set of continuous data

102
Q

Median

A

Middle point in a set of continuous data

103
Q

Melody

A

Tune of a song or piece

104
Q

Metacognition

A

Awareness of mental contents and processes. If “cognition” refers to thinking, then “metacognition” refers to thinking about thinking.

105
Q

Metaphor

A

Figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be

106
Q

Meteorology

A

Branch of Earth Science that concerns climate, weather, and Earth’s atmosphere more generally

107
Q

Miscue

A

A mistake in reading written words such as saying the wrong word, leaving out a word, repeating a word, inserting a word

108
Q

Mode

A

Most frequently observed number in a set of continuous data

109
Q

Morpheme

A

Cannot be divided into smaller units without losing its meaning. Some morphemes can stand alone like “dog” or “cat”, others cannot such as the prefix “re” or suffix “ly”

110
Q

Most Effective Informal Reading Asssessment

A

Have the students talk in their own words about what they have read

111
Q

Jane Long

A

“Mother of Texas” - reputed to have been the first Anglo to bear a child in Texas

112
Q

Mystery

A

Fiction; plots are fast-paced and revolve around a suspenseful crime or mysterious happening

113
Q

Myth

A

Fiction; stories revered as truth in the culture

114
Q

Narrative Texts

A

Those that relate a story or sequence of events

115
Q

1 inch

A

2.54 cm

116
Q

1 meter

A

100 cm

117
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Words that make a sound

118
Q

Onset & Rime

A

An onset is the initial consonant(s) sound of a syllable, and a rime is the remaining set of phonemes in the syllable

119
Q

Oral Recitation Lessons (ORL)

A

Kind of repeated reading activity exercise based on interactions between teacher and students

120
Q

Organizational Patterns

A

Spatial, sequence, cause and effect, comparison and contrast

121
Q

Outlier

A

Data value that is far from the other values in that particular set

122
Q

Outline maps

A

Maps that contain outlines of geographic regions, such as states, without additional detail

123
Q

Pablo Picasso

A

Spanish painter and sculptor

124
Q

Partner/Paired Reading

A

Requires students to work in pairs and take turns reading a passage

125
Q

Phoneme

A

Separable, individual sounds in a word. Smallest unit of sound in speech.

126
Q

Phoneme Manipulation

A

Working with phonemes in words - working with onsets and rimes, deleting/adding phonemes, substituting one phoneme for another to make a new word, blending phonemes to make words, segmenting words into phonemes

127
Q

Phonemic Awareness

A

Ability to notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in spoken words

128
Q

Phonics

A

Refers to the sounds that letters represent

129
Q

Phonics Instruction

A

Systematic, explicit presentation of sound-letter relationships

130
Q

Phonological Awareness

A

Awareness of and the ability to manipulate the sounds of spoken words.

131
Q

Physical Geography

A

Concerns the physical environments of the Earth

132
Q

Picture Graphs

A

Illustrates quantities

133
Q

Pie Charts

A

Show part-whole relationships

134
Q

Pitch

A

Relates to the exact placement of a note on the staff

135
Q

Plate tectonics

A

Earth’s crust consists of about 20 plates that drift, collide, separate over long periods of time

136
Q

Pragmatics

A

Rules for effective communication in different contexts

137
Q

Pre-Reading Stage

A

Alphabetic and graphophonemic knowledge, may be in the process of learning word-analysis skills, but they don’t yet have ability to read unfamiliar words

138
Q

Predictable/Pattern Books

A

Fiction; plots are simple, fast-paced, predictable

139
Q

Primary Sources

A

Information consist of actual records, first-hand account of events and experiences

140
Q

Print Awareness

A

Understanding the nature of print, the function it serves, and the conventions governing its use.

141
Q

Prosody

A

Refers to the pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhythm of language; meaning of a written sentence, punctuation

142
Q

Puzzle Maps

A

Maps that the teacher cuts into shapes for students to reassemble

143
Q

Quatrain

A

Poem consisting of four lines of verse

144
Q

Range

A

Found by subtracting the smallest value in the data set from the largest value in that set

145
Q

Readers’ Theater

A

A reading activity in which students rehearse and perform a play whose script is derived from a dialogue-rich book; promotes reading fluency and cooperative interaction with peers

146
Q

Reading Fluency

A

Combination of accuracy and rate. Developed by reading and rereading a large number of stories and informational text that are at an appropriate reading level

147
Q

Reading Levels for Text Material

A

Frustrational - able to read less than 90% of words correctly
Instructional - can read/understand between 90-95% of text
Independent - reads/understands at least 95%-100% of text

148
Q

Reading to Learn Stage

A

Attention is focused primarily on content rather than the act of reading itself

149
Q

Realistic Fiction

A

Fiction; story that can actually happen and is true to life

150
Q

Reflections

A

Flipping motions

151
Q

Relief Maps

A

Maps that contain raised features representing the topography of a region

152
Q

Repeated Reading

A

Method in which children reread a short, meaningful passage until a degree of fluency is achieved

153
Q

Rhythm

A

Analogous to how the syllables in a sentence sound

154
Q

Rotations

A

Turning motions

155
Q

Round Character

A

Fully developed, with many traits - bad and good - shown in the story

156
Q

Running Record

A

Tool for scoring and analyzing a student’s reading ability

157
Q

Salvador Dali

A

Spanish surrealist painter

158
Q

Schemata

A

Clusters of ideas about objects, places, and events

159
Q

Sea-Floor Spreading

A

The creation and movement of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges

160
Q

Secondary Sources

A

Information consists of descriptions and explanations that are created after a historical event has already taken place

161
Q

Segmenting

A

Breaking words into individual phonemes, breaking words into syllables, or breaking syllables into onsets and rimes

162
Q

Self-Correction and Feedback

A

Contributes to greater fluency

163
Q

Semantic

A

Meaning of words and phrases

164
Q

Sequence

A

Organized in numerical or chronological order

165
Q

Shape

A

Two-dimensional area defined by lines, colors, or values

166
Q

Shape poetry

A

Poem that has the shape of its subject

167
Q

Shared Reading

A

The teacher reads a story and children join in, talking about the books and stories

168
Q

Silent Reading

A

Contributes to fluency by allowing children to familiarize themselves with key vocabulary, so that oral reading of the same passage can be based on a higher proportion of words

169
Q

Sight Words

A

Words children identify quickly, accurately, and effortlessly

170
Q

Similar Figures

A

Have same shape

171
Q

Simile

A

Figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things, usually with the words “like” or “as”

172
Q

Six Flags Over Texas

A

Refers to the fact that flags of six governments have flown over Texas - Spain, France, Mexico, Republic of Texas, Confederate States of America, United States of America

173
Q

Sonnet

A

Poem consisting of 14 lines with a formal rhyming scheme

174
Q

Space

A

Area surround shapes and forms

175
Q

Spatial

A

Organized by actual location in space

176
Q

Spelling Patterns

A

Patterns of letters or sounds in words that constitute a family, e.g. “an” as in can, man, fan

177
Q

SQ3R Method

A

Student-directed approach in which students are taught five steps for studying expository texts - Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review

178
Q

SSR (Sustained Silent Reading)

A

Block of time, 15-30 minutes, allotted for students to engage in uninterrupted silent reading for pleasure

179
Q

Steps in the Writing Process

A
  1. Prewriting
  2. Drafting
  3. Revising
  4. Editing
  5. Publishing/Sharing
180
Q

Symmetry

A

Occurs when perfect matching occurs

181
Q

Syntax

A

Structure of a phrase or sentence

182
Q

Talk-Aloud Activity

A

Teacher asks questions to guide students through a series of steps they must follow to complete a task

183
Q

Tall Tale

A

Humorous, exaggerated story with characters who do unbelievable things

184
Q

Tangrams

A

Suitable for the student who needs the tactile experience with the triangle

185
Q

Tectonics

A

Branch of geology that concerns the structure of the Earth’s crust, as well as changes that take place in the crust over time as a result of folding and faulting

186
Q

Tempo

A

How fast or slow music is played or sung

187
Q

Tessellations

A

Tiling patterns, are repeating a shape in a systematic pattern in order to completely fill a space

188
Q

Texture

A

Visual or actual feel of the surface

189
Q

Think-Aloud

A

The teacher shares with students the thinking processes that he/she goes through to complete a task

190
Q

Topographic Maps

A

Maps that use different colors and symbols to represent various geographic characteristics

191
Q

TPRI

A

Texas Primary Reading Inventory (2 or 3 times a year)

192
Q

Translation

A

Sliding motions

193
Q

Value

A

Lightness or darkness of color

194
Q

Visual Discrimination

A

Ability to compare and contrast objects

195
Q

Vowel Diagraph

A

Consists of two vowels that together represent one sound - like the “oa” in “boat” that makes the long “o” sound

196
Q

Weathering

A

Breaking down of physical material

197
Q

Basal Program Advantages

A

Basal books are controlled in their vocabulary and sentence structure

198
Q

Word Families

A

Groups of words that have the same ending sound (rime) but a different beginning sound (onset) e.g. can, man, fan

TExES Generalist 191 (2 decks)

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