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Chemical Process Industries and General Information > General Information > Flashcards

General Information Flashcards

1
Q

Compounds used as the basis of measuring the NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) content of fertilizers.

A

Nitrogen
Dipotassium pentoxide
Potassium oxide

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2
Q

A class of synthetic porous ultralight material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component for the gel has been replaced with a gas (99.8% air), without significant collapse of the gel structure. It has extremely low density and extremely low thermal conductivity - considered as the world’s lightest solid

A

Aerogel

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3
Q

Naturally occurring pesticide found in seed from the neem tree. Its most active ingredient is azadirachtin, which reduces insect feeding and acts as a repellant.

A

Neem oil

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4
Q

Carbonate, or temporary hardness, is caused by bicarbonates of

A

Ca & Mg

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5
Q

It is a linear polymer which may be reversibly softened by heat (curing) and solidified by cooling.

A

Thermoplastics

They are different from thermosets that can retain their form and stay solid under heat once cured.

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6
Q

Examples of thermosoftening (soften when heated) and thermosetting polymers (retains its shape when heated).

A

Thermosoftening polymers: polyethene, polypropene, PVC, polystyrene, PTFE

Thermosetting polymer: rubber

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7
Q

Used primarily in operations requiring high temperature, such as welding and metal cutting

A

Acetylene

(It produces flame temperature along with oxygen that makes it a suitable has choice for welding steel)

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8
Q

Most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust

A

Aluminum

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9
Q

Salt is address in the kettle during soap manufacture to separate ______

A

Soap from lye

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10
Q

Function of chloramines in water treatment

A

Disinfection and control of taste and odor

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11
Q

Compound employed extensively in the leather industry as a depilatory, a process used to remove hair from skin.

A

Sodium sulfide

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12
Q

Crushed glass from imperfect articles, trim, and other waste glass

A

Cullet

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13
Q

Removed from water when lime and soda ash are added

A

Bicarbonates and sulfates of calcium and magnesium

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14
Q

Mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide produced from the reaction of water and carbon (coke) that is used as a starting point in the synthesis of methanol and other organic chemicals.

A

Synthesis gas (Syngas)

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15
Q

By-product of the destructive distillation or pyrolysis of coal which is a mixture of many chemical compounds, mostly aromatics, which vary widely in composition.

A

Coal tar

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16
Q

Produced by the decay of vegetable matter and was early identified as combustible swamp gas.

A

Methane

17
Q

Reason why Styrofoam is a good insulating product

A

It contains many pockets of air

18
Q

Used as disinfectant and deodorant in dairies, creameries, water supplies, sewage disposal, and for household purposes.

A

Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)

19
Q

Compounds added to the glass to give it the white opaque appearance so characteristics of vitreous enamels.

A

Opacifier

20
Q

Oleum is a corrosive solution of what solute and solvent?

A

Solute: sulfur trioxide
Solvent: Sulfuric acid

21
Q

Commonly called niter cake

A

Sodium bisulfate

22
Q

Source of magnesium

A

Seawater

23
Q

Rectified spirit is a highly concentrated ethanol that has been purified by means of repeated distillation in a process called rectification. What is its concentration?

A

95.6%

24
Q

Alloying element added in stainless steel to impart corrosion resistance

A

Chromium

25
Q

An alkali metal hydroxide traditionally obtained by leaching wood ashes, or a strong alkali which is highly soluble in water producing caustic basic solution and used especially in making soap and washing

A

Lye

26
Q

Two chemical parameters that determines the suitability of triglycerol for soap product saponification.

A
  • Iodine number - shows the presence of double links or degree of insaturation of the carbonic chain; soap made from high iodine number fat is soft
  • Saponification number - quantity of KOH (mg) needed to transform 1 g of it into soap; high saponification number —> easier transformation of fat into soap
27
Q

A spherical cluster of molecules whose hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic) are in the interior and whose ionic groups (hydrophilic) are exposed to water on the outside

A

Micelle

28
Q

Usually soft soaps (made from coconut oil) in which cane sugar and alcohol are added and finally washed with methylate spirit to achieve transparency

A

Transparent soaps (e.g., Pears)

29
Q

It is vetrified translucent ware with a hard glaze which resists abrasion to the maximum degree.

A

Porcelain

30
Q

A fuel gas that is manufactured by blowing a coke or coal with air and steam simultaneously. It is a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

A

Producer gas

31
Q

A pure finely divided calcium carbonate prepared by wet grinding and levigating natural chalk

A

Whiting

32
Q

Soft potassium soaps (potassium salt of faith acid) with free stearic acid to give lather a lasting property.

A

Shaving sopas

33
Q

An acidic, corrosive, and oxidative mixture of three parts (75%) concentrated HCl and one part (25%) concentrated HNO3.

A

Aqua regia

34
Q

Lanolin (i.e., wool yolk, wax, or grease) is widely used in cosmetics. It is derived from _______.

A

Sheep’s wool

35
Q

One of the toughest forms of natural diamond also known as black diamond.

A

Carbonado

36
Q

A type of electric furnace where heat is produced by an electric arc between the electrodes and the furnace charge, or between two or more electrodes, which are usually a graphite or carbon and may or may not be consumed in the operation, or between the electrodes and the furnace charge.

A

Arc furnace

Chemical Process Industries and General Information (5 decks)

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