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Humanities Term 4 2022 > General Information > Flashcards

General Information Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the 3 unifiers of Japan?

A

Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)
Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598)
Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616)

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2
Q

What was the name of the imperial family in Japan?

A

Yamato

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3
Q

Who were the first Westeners to arrive in Japan including the correlating date?

A

In 1543, three Portuguese travelers aboard a Chinese ship drifted ashore on Tanegashima, a small island near Kyushu. They were the first Europeans to visit Japan.

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4
Q

What are 4 main islands of Japan called?

A

Hokkaido, Honshu, shikoku, and Kyushu

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5
Q

Who were the Indigenous inhabitants of Japan called?

A

Ainu

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6
Q

What were the 3 Capitals of Japan and correlating dates?

A

Nara (710 CE-794 CE) first permanent capital of Japan
Kyoto (795CE-1185)
Tokyo

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7
Q

Define bakufu

A

Any of the three military governments ruling Japan during most of the period from 1192 to 1867, as opposed to the civil government under the emperor at Kyoto.

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8
Q

Define civil war

A

A war between citizens of the same country.

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9
Q

Define Hereditary

A

Genetically passed or capable of being passed from parent to offspring

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10
Q

Define feudalism

A

Feudalism was a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return.

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11
Q

Define Jito

A

Land steward appointed by the central military government, or shogunate, whose duties involved levying taxes and maintaining peace within the manor.

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12
Q

Define Kamikaze

A

Japanese aircraft loaded with explosives and making a deliberate suicidal crash on an enemy target.

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13
Q

Define shoen

A

Any of the private, tax-free, often autonomous estates or manors whose rise undermined the political and economic power of the emperor and contributed to the growth of powerful local clans.

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14
Q

Define Shugo

A

The shugo occupied provincial military and civil supervisory posts. Their duties were to maintain peace, supervise the guard service, and command local retainers in battle.

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15
Q

Define tributary state

A

A state subordinate to a more powerful neighboring state

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16
Q

define vassal

A

a holder of land by feudal tenure on conditions of homage and allegiance.

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17
Q

What were the 2 consequences to emperors for shoen?

A

Reduced the amount of tax they could collect from land since shoen were exempt from taxation; and second, it reduced their authority over large proportions of the population since peasants cultivating shoen were exempt from imperial authority.

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18
Q

When were Shoen created?

A

794 BCE or the Heian period

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19
Q

How did samurai emerge as a powerful social class?

A

Samurai were hired by Shoen governors to police their shoen which were very valuable aspects of this period.

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20
Q

How did family rivalries contribute to the rise of Kamakura shogunate?

A

In 1159 the Taira and Minamoto clans fought and the Taira won. Yoshimoto’s sons then hatched a plan to fight back and they did and succeeded. When they did the last the emperor keep his title but got stripped of his authority. This then eventually led to the capital being moved to increase authority and effectiveness of Kamakura shogunate. The previous emperor then died and Yoritomo fought to the top becoming a shogunate and promoting the new government.

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21
Q

Flow Chart (how did Yoritomo establish Kamakura Shogunate?

A

Win rebellion of clan war
strip previous emperor of power
gain control over one independent shoen
move capital
become a Shogun
change meaning of title so that he and his family would pass down the title

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22
Q

How did Oda Nobunaga become on of the most powerful diamyo in Japan?

A

Oda Nobunaga took up Yoshiaki’s plea for help when his shogun brother was murdered. Oda was successful in having Yoshiaki installed as shogun but Oda held the reins of power, with Yoshiaki little more than a puppet. After unsuccessfully rebelling against Oda’s control over him, Yoshiaki became a Buddhist monk, effectively removing himself from the exercise of power. This allowed Oda to establish a central government and to crush his opponents, including Buddhists

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23
Q

Explain why Oda had become know as one of the ‘three great unifiers of Japan’.

A

Oda established central government and helped to create stability by crushing his opponents, unifying the country under his control.

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24
Q

Explain why Hideyoshi had become know as one of the ‘three great unifiers of Japan’.

A

Hideyoshi took over control after Oda committed ritual suicide. He strengthened central government and took control of Kyushu and Shikoku. He also banned Christian missionaries from Japan and set up a council of five in the hope of ensuring the succession of his son.

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25
Q

Explain why Tokugawa had become know as one of the ‘three great unifiers of Japan’.

A

Tokugawa, a member of the council of five, challenged Hideyoshi’s son. Three years of war ended in the son’s suicide. Tokugawa established himself as shogun, ending the age of the Warring States and beginning the Edo period, when government was transferred to Edo (modern-day Tokyo) and stabilised

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26
Q

Identify and explain two examples of the ways in which the Tokugawa shoguns tried to prevent other daimyo from challenging their power.

A

Every daimyo had to travel to Edo every two years to express his loyalty.
The daimyo had to leave their families in Edo as hostages.
The daimyo had to meet the expenses of feeding their samurai, maintain a residence in Edo as well as in their homeland, and provide gifts for the shogun. By depleting their wealth and reducing their independence, these measures lessened the danger of the daimyo mounting future challenges against the shogun

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27
Q

What methods were used in the Tokugawa period to isolate Japan from the rest of the world?

A

Christian missionaries — one conduit for outside information — were banned.
Japanese were forbidden to travel outside of Japan.
Traders from Korea, China and The Netherlands (Dutch) could trade only through Nagasaki, in southern Kyushu. Edo (Tokyo) on Honshu was now the capital with an expanding population

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28
Q

Why might Hideyoshi and the Tokugawa shoguns have wanted to keep foreign religions out of Japan?

A

Christian missionaries brought in ideas from abroad, including news of what was happening elsewhere, and even what people in other countries thought of them, their shogun and emperor.
Christian values and beliefs conflicted with some of the practices of the Tokugawa shoguns in maintaining power and control.
Christians were opposed to traditional practices such as ritual suicide.
Missionaries could act as agents for people in Japan who sought outside assistance in overthrowing an unpopular shogun.
Buddhism had long been the official religion of the ruling class and had spread to the common people during the Kamakura shogunate (see spread 8.3). Christianity threatened the status quo

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29
Q

Who was emperor Go-Sanjo?

A

One of the few Japanese rulers of the period not born of a Fujiwara mother, Takahito became emperor in 1068, taking the reign name Go-Sanjo (Later Sanjo); he ascended the throne over the objections of the great clan, which, since 857, had dominated the government, usually by making Fujiwara daughters principal

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29
Q

In what way did the Emperor Go-Sanjo break with the traditions and policies of earlier emperors?

A

In 1068 Emperor Go-Sanjo appointed members of the rival Minamoto clan to important government positions, thus reducing the power of the Fujiwara clan who had dominated Japanese politics from the seventh century.

30
Q

What was the power and status of the Fujiwara clan?

A

Dominated Japanese politics from the seventh century until the end of the Heian period in the twelfth century. But in 1068 their domination and influence were reduced when members of the Minamoto clan were appointed to senior positions.

31
Q

What was the power and status of the Taira clan?

A

Between 1180 and 1185 civil war raged between the Minamoto and Tiara clans. The Minamoto clan eventually won this conflict.

32
Q

What was the power and status of the Minamoto clan?

A

Emperor Go-Sanjo was the first emperor in more than 200 years whose mother was not a member of the Fujiwara clan. He also married into the Minamato clan. His heirs were loyal to the Minamoto. In 1192 their clan head was appointed shogun by the emperor. The Kamakura shogunate saw real power pass from the emperor to the shogun.
End of the classical period and beginning of the feudal period in Japan.

33
Q

Why was the outcome of the civil war of 1180-1185 so significant in Japanese history?

A

The civil war of 1180–85 essentially established the dominance of the Minamoto clan, leading to their shogunate in 1192 and the establishment of the emperor as a religious and symbolic figure, as real power was transferred to the shogun

34
Q

Why did the Mongols attempt to invade Japan in the thirteenth century, and how were they defeated?

A

The Mongols under Kublai Khan demanded that the Japanese respect the Khan’s supreme authority and become a tributary state of the Mongol Empire. When Japan refused, the Mongol army twice tried to invade, but on each occasion their fleets were destroyed by typhoons.

35
Q

Explain why the period of the Ashikaga Shogunate came to be described as the ‘age of the warring states.’

A

While the Ashikaga shogunate was a period of great artistic achievement, the shoguns were unable to maintain order among the nobles (daimyo) in the provinces. The daimyo fought one another to acquire more land and political power. This led to widespread chaos and war, as vassals and farmers fought one another and the lords. The economy was weakened and everyone suffered during this turbulent period.

36
Q

What is Heian culture?

A

Culture of the upper class

37
Q

Lady Murasaki Shikibu wrote the novel (World’s first novel) titled?

A

Tale of the Genji

38
Q

The Heian aristocracy was dominated by?

A

a craze for things Chinese

39
Q

Society was divided into how many grades based on ones birth (Heian culture)

A

30

40
Q

The Heian aristocracy was rigidly…

A

hierarchical.

41
Q

Where was the centre of aristocratic court life during the Heian Period?

A

Heian-Kyo

42
Q

State one of the central ideas of Buddhism that influenced Heian thought, philosophy and culture

A

Everything is fleeting

43
Q

How was land ownership different in Japan to Europe?

A

Technically the nobles didn’t own the land outright as they did in much of Europe. They owned the rights to income from the land. Women could also own rights to land.

44
Q

How did the Kamakura Shogunate rise to power?

A

Kamakura Period (1192 - 1333) In 1185, the Minamoto family took over the control over Japan after defeating the Taira clan in the Gempei war.

45
Q

How did Minamoto Yoritomo establish the Kamakura Bakufu

A

After his decisive victory over the rival Taira family at the battle of Dannoura (1185), Yoritomo created his own military administration (bakufu) to serve beside the imperial court.

46
Q

How did emperors survive in the medieval period after being stripped of power?

A

They existed through only cultural and spiritual beliefs

47
Q

How did the mongol invasions impact the kamakura shogunate

A

The Mongol Invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 devastated Japanese resources and power in the region, nearly destroying the samurai culture and Empire of Japan entirely before a typhoon miraculously spared their last stronghold.

48
Q

Compare the Kamakura shogunate period to Ashikaga period.

A

The period from 1192 to 1333 during which the basis of feudalism was firmly established (Kamakura)
In the Ashikaga Period the first Europeans arrived in Japan, Portuguese missionaries and traders who sailed ashore at southern Kyūshū in 1543.

49
Q

How was feudalism established in Japan

A

shoguns or military dictators replaced the emperor and imperial court as the country’s main source of government.

50
Q

Define Buddhism

A

Buddhism is a religion that offers a spiritual path for transcending the suffering of existence.

51
Q

Define bushido

A

Define bushido

52
Q

Define Ronin

A

(in feudal Japan) a wandering samurai who had no lord or master.

53
Q

Define seppuku

A

a form of ritual suicide that originated with Japan’s ancient samurai warrior class

54
Q

Define shi-no-ko-sho

A

The Shinokosho, or four divisions of society, composed of the Shi, being the warrior castes, the No, or farming peasants, Ko being craftsmen and artisans, and Sho being the merchant class.

55
Q

Define Shintoism

A

the way of the gods
A Japanese Religion

56
Q

Define social castes

A

The samurai warriors were at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants, in that order.

57
Q

Define Zen Buddhism

A

Zen is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School, and later developed into various sub-schools and branches.

58
Q

How did Oda Nobunaga come to power?

A

Nobunaga emerged as the most powerful daimyō, overthrowing the nominally ruling shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki and dissolving the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1573.

59
Q

why did toyotomi hideyoshi expell christian missionaries

A

Concerned that the Jesuits were encouraging the persecution of Buddhist and Shinto believers and that Portuguese traders were selling Japanese as slaves, another edict was passed in 1597 CE.

60
Q

how did tokugawa leyasu use diplomacy and war to gain control over japan

A

Ieyasu preserved his strength in Toyotomi’s failed attempt to conquer Korea. After Toyotomi’s death, Ieyasu seized power in 1600, after the Battle of Sekigahara.

61
Q

Why was the battle of Sekigahara in 1600 so significant?

A

the critical episode in the unification of Japan by Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616), who would subsequently found the last of the Japanese shogunal governments based at Edo (Tokyo) in 1603.

62
Q

What are the 8 social classes of Japan

A

merchants, artisans, peasants, ronin, samurai, daimyos, shogun, and finally, the emperor at the top.

63
Q

How was the social status established in Japan?

A

established a relatively equal class structure due to the rapid economy growth as well as its life-time employment system, progressive tax policies, and social security policies.

64
Q

What was samuari life like?

A

Samurai were expected to live according to Bushido (“The Way of the Warrior”), a strict ethical code influenced by Confucianism that stressed loyalty to one’s master, respect for one’s superior, ethical behavior in all aspects of life and complete self-discipline. Girls also received martial arts training.

65
Q

What was Shintoism and Buddhism?

A

Buddhists believe in a cycle of death and rebirth that continues until a person achieves an enlightened state. Shinto tradition holds that after death a person’s kami passes on to another world and watches over their descendants. This is why ancestor worship is still an important part of modern-day Japanese culture.

66
Q

What were the key ideas and values that emerged in feudal japan

A

the relationship between lords and vassals where land ownership and its use was exchanged for military service and loyalty.

67
Q

Define Black ships

A

Western vessels arriving in Japan in the 16th and 19th centuries.

68
Q

Define Corroborate

A

to support with evidence or authority

69
Q

Define Meji Restoration

A

In 1868 the Tokugawa shôgun (“great general”), who ruled Japan in the feudal period, lost his power and the emperor was restored to the supreme position.

70
Q

Define Rangaku

A

Rangaku is a body of knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima, which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners from 1641 to 1853 because of the Tokugawa shogunate’s policy of national isolation

71
Q

Why were the shoguns afriad of western influence?

A

Because they caused sengoku through influence of christianity, they tried to populate Japan

72
Q

How did Commodore Perry open Japan to trade from western countries

A

Perry, on behalf of the U.S. government, forced Japan to enter into trade with the United States and demanded a treaty permitting trade and the opening of Japanese ports to U.S. merchant ships.

Humanities Term 4 2022 (10 decks)

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