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St-Law Bio 1 > General info on chromosomes and mitosis > Flashcards

General info on chromosomes and mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

name of long arm on a chromosome

A

q

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2
Q

what is the nucleoid

A

central region without a membrane where DNA is stored in prokaryote (only eukaryotes have a nucleus)

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3
Q

where is the centromere

A

at the middle of chromosome, links all 4 legs together

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4
Q

define a chromosome

A

highly organized and compacted chromatin

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5
Q

what is the haploid number

A

number of different chromosomes

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6
Q

tip of the chromosome

A

telomere

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7
Q

how many chromatids are in a single straded chromosome

A

0; chromatids are only in ds chromosomes

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8
Q

definition and examples of ploidy levels

A

number of homologous chromosomes

ex; haploid (n) diploid (n)

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9
Q

name of short arm on a chromosome

A

p

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10
Q

what is the genome

A

all the genes of a cell

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11
Q

steps in cell cycle

A 
interphase = G1, S, G2
mitotic phase (mitosis)
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12
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

same size, same shape, same genes

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13
Q

steps of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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14
Q

what is translocation

A

there is an extra piece of chromosome

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15
Q

what happens in G2

A

preparation for mitosis, growth (right after DNA replication)

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16
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm (starts in early anaphase and ends after telophase)

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17
Q

what does g stand for in G1 and G2

A

growth or gap

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18
Q

how are anomalies notated

A

2n + 1 (trisomy), this is a 2n organism with 1 extra chromosome

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19
Q

when does cytokinesis occur in animal cells

A

is starts at anaphase and ends after telophase

20
Q

How does mitosis work for prokaryotes?

A

there is no mitosis, it is binary fission

21
Q

What happens in G1?

A

cell growth, size increase, gene expansion (protein synthesis)

22
Q

functions of cell division

A

growth: formation of new cells
repair: new cells replace old damaged cells
asexual reproduction
aging because limited divisions are possible

23
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

round body in nucleus that makes ribosomes

24
Q

what is the period with most cell activity

A

G1

25
Q

what kind of cells undergo mitosis

A

somatic cells (anything no reproductive`)

26
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled cell growth

27
Q

what is S phase

A

synthesis, DNA is replicated ss become ds

28
Q

what happens in prophase

A

DNA condenses, organisms and chromosomes appear (chromatin condenses), nucleolus disappears as well as nuclear membrane, spindle fibers appear

29
Q

what does MPF initiate

A

M-phase promoting factor;

mitosis may begin

30
Q

what happens in prometaphase

A

spindle fibers (made of microtubules) attach to chromosomes (to kinetochore which is attached to the centromere)

31
Q

ploidy level of each phase of mitosis

A

all 2n except for anaphase when chromosomes are separated but nuclear membrane is not there yet

32
Q

how many chromosomes in a human cell

A

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (46 total)

33
Q

what is SPF

A

s phase promoting factor

34
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes align

35
Q

when does the nuclear membrane disappear

A

starts to disappear in prophase and ends in prometaphase

36
Q

G1/S checkpoint (at end of G1)

A

stopping point in cell cycle: cell checks:
for cell double in size,
growth rate adequate
presence on growth factors
if cues present then SPF (s phase promoting factor) will be produced
if not cell falls in G0 (just does its job, no division)

37
Q

what happens in telophase

A

opposite of prophase: nuclear membrane reappears, nucleoli reappear, spindle fiber disappear

38
Q

when does cytokinesis occur in plant cells

A

after mitosis; cell plate forms and this becomes cell wall

39
Q

What is mitotic spindle check point

A

cell waits until all kinetochores are attached, is its okay APC activated

40
Q

what happens once SPF is activated

A

start of s phase:

DNA replication occurs

41
Q

what is APC

A

allows chromatids to separate, inactivates MPF: spindle breakdown chromosomes decondense (telophase)

42
Q

when are spindle fibers present

A

they appear in prophase and disappear in telophase

43
Q

G2/M check point after G2

A

another pause in cycle: check for:
mass or growth rate or time
and complete replication
if check point completed MPF activated (metaphase promoting factor), mitosis may begin

44
Q

What is the kinetichore

A

protein attached to centromere (one on each sister chromatid) that will connect to spindel fibers

45
Q

what are centrosomes made of

A

2 centrioles (the 2 cylinders composed of microtubials)

46
Q

When does cytokinesis start

A

early anaphase

47
Q

When are organelles replicated

A

In G1 (before DNA is replicated; they don’t want to replicate DNA for nothing, it is done last)

St-Law Bio 1 (7 decks)

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