General info on chromosomes and mitosis

Question 1

name of long arm on a chromosome

Answer 1

q

Question 2

what is the nucleoid

Answer 2

central region without a membrane where DNA is stored in prokaryote (only eukaryotes have a nucleus)

Question 3

where is the centromere

Answer 3

at the middle of chromosome, links all 4 legs together

Question 4

define a chromosome

Answer 4

highly organized and compacted chromatin

Question 5

what is the haploid number

Answer 5

number of different chromosomes

Question 6

tip of the chromosome

Answer 6

telomere

Question 7

how many chromatids are in a single straded chromosome

Answer 7

0; chromatids are only in ds chromosomes

Question 8

definition and examples of ploidy levels

Answer 8

number of homologous chromosomes

ex; haploid (n) diploid (n)

Question 9

name of short arm on a chromosome

Answer 9

p

Question 10

what is the genome

Answer 10

all the genes of a cell

Question 11

steps in cell cycle

Answer 11

interphase = G1, S, G2
mitotic phase (mitosis)

Question 12

what are homologous chromosomes

Answer 12

same size, same shape, same genes

Question 13

steps of mitosis

Answer 13

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 14

what is translocation

Answer 14

there is an extra piece of chromosome

Question 15

what happens in G2

Answer 15

preparation for mitosis, growth (right after DNA replication)

Question 16

what is cytokinesis

Answer 16

division of cytoplasm (starts in early anaphase and ends after telophase)

Question 17

what does g stand for in G1 and G2

Answer 17

growth or gap

Question 18

how are anomalies notated

Answer 18

2n + 1 (trisomy), this is a 2n organism with 1 extra chromosome

Question 19

when does cytokinesis occur in animal cells

Answer 19

is starts at anaphase and ends after telophase

Question 20

How does mitosis work for prokaryotes?

Answer 20

there is no mitosis, it is binary fission

Question 21

What happens in G1?

Answer 21

cell growth, size increase, gene expansion (protein synthesis)

Question 22

functions of cell division

Answer 22

growth: formation of new cells
repair: new cells replace old damaged cells
asexual reproduction
aging because limited divisions are possible

Question 23

what is the nucleolus

Answer 23

round body in nucleus that makes ribosomes

Question 24

what is the period with most cell activity

Answer 24

G1

Question 25

what kind of cells undergo mitosis

Answer 25

somatic cells (anything no reproductive`)

Question 26

what is cancer

Answer 26

uncontrolled cell growth

Question 27

what is S phase

Answer 27

synthesis, DNA is replicated ss become ds

Question 28

what happens in prophase

Answer 28

DNA condenses, organisms and chromosomes appear (chromatin condenses), nucleolus disappears as well as nuclear membrane, spindle fibers appear

Question 29

what does MPF initiate

Answer 29

M-phase promoting factor; | mitosis may begin

Question 30

what happens in prometaphase

Answer 30

spindle fibers (made of microtubules) attach to chromosomes (to kinetochore which is attached to the centromere)

Question 31

ploidy level of each phase of mitosis

Answer 31

all 2n except for anaphase when chromosomes are separated but nuclear membrane is not there yet

Question 32

how many chromosomes in a human cell

Answer 32

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (46 total)

Question 33

what is SPF

Answer 33

s phase promoting factor

Question 34

what happens in metaphase

Answer 34

chromosomes align

Question 35

when does the nuclear membrane disappear

Answer 35

starts to disappear in prophase and ends in prometaphase

Question 36

G1/S checkpoint (at end of G1)

Answer 36

stopping point in cell cycle: cell checks: for cell double in size, growth rate adequate presence on growth factors if cues present then SPF (s phase promoting factor) will be produced if not cell falls in G0 (just does its job, no division)

Question 37

what happens in telophase

Answer 37

opposite of prophase: nuclear membrane reappears, nucleoli reappear, spindle fiber disappear

Question 38

when does cytokinesis occur in plant cells

Answer 38

after mitosis; cell plate forms and this becomes cell wall

Question 39

What is mitotic spindle check point

Answer 39

cell waits until all kinetochores are attached, is its okay APC activated

Question 40

what happens once SPF is activated

Answer 40

start of s phase: | DNA replication occurs

Question 41

what is APC

Answer 41

allows chromatids to separate, inactivates MPF: spindle breakdown chromosomes decondense (telophase)

Question 42

when are spindle fibers present

Answer 42

they appear in prophase and disappear in telophase

Question 43

G2/M check point after G2

Answer 43

another pause in cycle: check for: mass or growth rate or time and complete replication if check point completed MPF activated (metaphase promoting factor), mitosis may begin

Question 44

What is the kinetichore

Answer 44

protein attached to centromere (one on each sister chromatid) that will connect to spindel fibers

Question 45

what are centrosomes made of

Answer 45

2 centrioles (the 2 cylinders composed of microtubials)

Question 46

When does cytokinesis start

Answer 46

early anaphase

Question 47

When are organelles replicated

Answer 47

In G1 (before DNA is replicated; they don't want to replicate DNA for nothing, it is done last)