General infectious disease knowlege

Question 1

What is Aztreonam?

Answer 1

tt monocykliskt betalaktamantibiotikum som ursprungligen isolerades från Chromobacterium violaceum.

Det är betalaktamasbeständigt och används vid gramnegativa infektioner, i synnerhet i hjärnhinnorna , urinblåsan och njurarna. Det kan ge upphov till superinfektion med grampositiva organismer.

Question 2

What is ciprofloxacin?

Answer 2

Ett (bredspectrum) antibiotiskt preparat av karboxifluorkinolintyp med verkan mot ett stort antal olika mikroorganismer.
Hiarchy:
Quinolon-Flouroquinolon-Ciprofloxacin

Medlet har använts med framgång och med god säkerhet för behandling av resistenta luftvägs-, h ud-, skelett-, led-, mag/tarm- och urogenitala infektioner.

Question 3

What is Vancomycin?

Answer 3

Carbohydrate-glycoconjugate-glycopeptide-Vancomycin.

Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly.

Question 4

What toxicity is correlated to Vancomycin?

Answer 4

It is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.

Question 5

What is Cefipime?

Answer 5

Cefepime is a fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic

Answer 6

Fourth-generation cephalosporins have similar coverage as third-generation cephalosporins but with additional coverage against gram-negative bacteria with antimicrobial resistance, e.g., beta-lactamase.

Question 7

What are ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime.

Answer 7

They are 3rd generation cephalosporines.

Answer 8

Third-generation cephalosporins have less coverage against most gram-positive organisms but have increased coverage against Enterobacteriaceae, Neisseria spp., and H. influenzae.

Question 9

What is a Cephalosporine?

Answer 9

Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antimicrobials used to manage a wide range of infections from
gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
The five generations of cephalosporins are useful against skin infection, resistant bacteria, meningitis, and other infections.

Answer 10

Fifth-generation cephalosporins have coverage against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and penicillin-resistant pneumococci.

Question 11

Define Staphylococcus epidermidis

Answer 11

A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader.
hierarkin:
Bacteria
Endospore-Forming Bacteria
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods
Staphylococcaceae
Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 12

Define Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 12

I hierarkin:
Bacteria
Endospore-Forming Bacteria
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Bacteria
Gram-Positive Endospore-Forming Rods
Staphylococcaceae
Staphylococcus
Staphylococcus aureus

Question 13

Define MRSA

Answer 13

A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of METHICILLIN. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS.

Question 14

Define Vancomycine resistant S.Aureus

Answer 14

Isolates of the Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the antibiotic VANCOMYCIN. The S. aureus becomes resistant by acquiring plasmids carrying genes for VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE. Vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus has low-level vancomycin resistance requiring an intermediate concentration of vancomycin between sensitive and resistant isolates. These S. aureus with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin and related GLYCOPEPTIDE antibiotics are often seen in HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS.

Question 15

Define Neisseria meningitidis

Answer 15

A species of gram-negative, aerobic BACTERIA. It is a commensal and pathogen only of humans, and can be carried asymptomatically in the NASOPHARYNX. When found in cerebrospinal fluid it is the causative agent of cerebrospinal meningitis (MENINGITIS, MENINGOCOCCAL).
Hierarchy:
Bacteria
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria
Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci
Neisseriaceae
Neisseria
Neisseria meningitidis

Question 16

Define Hamophilus influenza type B

Answer 16

A type of H. influenzae isolated most frequently from biotype I. Prior to vaccine availability, it was a leading cause of childhood meningitis.

Hierarchy:
Bacteria
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Gram-Negative Facultatively Anaerobic Rods
Pasteurellaceae
Haemophilus
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae type b

Question 17

What does it mean “to be” a facultative anaerob rod?

Answer 17

A facultative anaerobic organism is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.

Question 18

what type of antibiotics is ceftriaxone?

Answer 18

Its a third generation cephalosporine.

Question 19

We often use cefriaxone in UME under the brand name. What is that?

Answer 19

Rocephin. (rocephalin)

Question 20

According to FASS cefriaxone has the following important implications for neuro-cases:

Answer 20

• bacterial meningitis
• infections in bome and joints
• komplicated skin and soft tissue infections
• syphilis

Question 21

What is Rifampicin

Answer 21

(called Rimactan in Sweden)
Antibiotics to mycobacterium/TB.