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Immunology > General Immunology > Flashcards

General Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

which antibodies are expressed on mature B cells?

after isotype switching, plasma cells secrete which antibodies?

A

IgM and IgD

IgA, IgE, IgG

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2
Q

which antibody is produced in 1* (immediate) response to antigen?

A

IgM

monomer on B cell or pentamer

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3
Q

function of IgM

A

pentamer allows trapping of free antigens out of tissue while humoral response develops

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4
Q

which antibody is produced in 2* (delayed) response to antigen?

A

IgG

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5
Q

function of IgG

A

opsonizes bacteria, neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses

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6
Q

which antibodies fix complement?

A

IgM and IgG

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7
Q

function of IgA

A

prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes

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8
Q

2 forms of IgA

A

monomer in circulation, dimer when secreted

picks up secretory component from epithelial cells before secretion

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9
Q

what is IgA found in?

A

secretions (tears, saliva, mucus)

early breast milk (colostrum)

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10
Q

function of IgE

A

binds mast cells and basophils

cross-links when exposed to allergen, mediating type I hypersensitivity through release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine

mediates immunity to worms by activating eosinophils

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11
Q

functions of C3b

A

opsonization

helps clear immune complexes

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12
Q

function of C3a

A

anaphylaxis

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13
Q

functions of C5a

A

anaphylaxis

neutrophil chemotaxis

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14
Q

function of C5b-9

A

cytolysis by MAC

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15
Q

what helps prevent complement activation on self cells?

A

decay-accelerating factor (DAF)

C1 esterase inhibitor

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16
Q

complement disorders: C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency

A

hereditary angioedema

ACE-I’s are contraindicated

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17
Q

complement disorders: C3 deficiency

A

severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections

increase susceptibility to type 3 hypersensitivity reactions

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18
Q

complement disorders: C5-C9 deficiencies

A

recurrent Neisseria bacteremia

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19
Q

complement disorders: DAF deficiency

A

complement-mediated lysis of RBCs

paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

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20
Q

5 cytokines secreted by macrophages

A 
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8
IL-12
TNF-a
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21
Q

function of IL-1

A

endogenous pyrogen = fever, acute inflammation

activates endothelium to express adhesion molecules

induces chemokine secretion to recruit leukocytes

(secreted by macrophages)

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22
Q

function of IL-6

A

endogenous pyrogen = fever

stimulates production of acute-phase proteins

(secreted by macrophages and Th2)

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23
Q

function of IL-8

A

major chemotactic factor for neutrophils

secreted by macrophages

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24
Q

function of IL-12

A

induces differentiation of T cells into Th1 cells

activates NK cells

(secreted by macrophages and B cells)

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25
Q

function of TNF-a

A

mediates septic shock

activates endothelium

causes leukocyte recruitment, vascular leak

induces NF-kb (an important factor in the production of many inflammatory mediators)

(secreted by macrophages)

26
Q

2 cytokines secreted by all T cells

A

IL-2

IL-3

27
Q

function of IL-2

A

stimulates growth of Th1, Th2, and Treg cells

secreted by ALL T cells

28
Q

function of IL-3

A

supports growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (functions like GM-CSF)

(secreted by ALL T cells)

29
Q

1 cytokine secreted by Th1 cells

A

IFN-y

30
Q

function of IFN-y

A

activates macrophages and Th1 cells

suppresses Th2 cells

has antiviral and antitumor properties

(secreted by Th1 cells)

31
Q

4 cytokines secreted by Th2 cells

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-10

32
Q

function of IL-4

A

induces differentiation into Th2 cells

promotes growth of B cells

enhances class switching to IgE and IgG

(secreted by Th2 cells)

33
Q

function of IL-5

A

promotes differentiation of B cells

enhances class switching to IgA

stimulates growth and differentiation of eosinophils

(secreted by Th2 cells)

34
Q

function of IL-10

A

modulates inflammatory response

inhibits actions of activated T cells and Th1

(secreted by Th2 and Treg cells)

TGF-B has similar actions since it is involved in inhibiting inflammation

35
Q

mechanism of interferons (a, b, y)

A

proteins that place uninfected cells in an antiviral state

interferons induce production of RIBONUCLEASE that inhibits viral protein synthesis by degrading viral mRNA

IFN-a and IFN-b: inibits viral protein synthesis
IFN-y: increase MHC I/II expression and Ag presentation in all cells
activates NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

36
Q

which cells express MHC I?

A

all nucleated cells, except RBCs

37
Q

which cells express MHC II?

A

APCs

38
Q

cell surface proteins: T cells

A

TCR (binds antigen-MHC complex)
CD3 (associated with TCR for signal transduction)
CD28 (binds B7 on APC)

39
Q

cell surface proteins: Helper T cells

A

CD4

CD40 ligand

40
Q

cell surface proteins: Cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8

41
Q

cell surface proteins: B cells

A 
Ig (binds Ag)
CD19
CD20
CD21 (receptor for EBV)
CD40
MHC II
B7 (binds CD28 on T cells)
42
Q

cell surface proteins: macrophages

A 
CD14
CD40
MHC II
B7
Fc and C3b (enhanced phagocytosis)
43
Q

cell surface proteins: NK cells

A

CD16 (binds Fc of IgG)

CD56 (unique for NK)

44
Q

cell surface proteins: neutrophils

A

CD15

45
Q

what is the mechanism and symptoms of serum sickness?

A

5-10 days after antigen exposure => immune complexes form => deposit in membrane => activate complement = tissue damage

fever
urticaria
arthralgias
proteinuria
LAD
46
Q

what is the mechanism and symptoms of arthus reaction?

A

intradermal injection => immune complexes form => deposit in skin => activate complement = tissue damage

edema
necrosis

47
Q

types of transplant rejection

A

hyperacute (minutes)
acute (weeks)
chronic (months-years)
graft vs. host (varies)

48
Q

pathogenesis and features of HYPERACUTE transplant rejection

A

Ab-mediated/type 2: presence of preformed anti-donor antibodies in the transplant recipient

occludes graft vessels => ischemia, necrosis

49
Q

pathogenesis and features of ACUTE transplant rejection

A

cell-mediated: CTLs reacting against foreign MHCs
(reversible with immunosuppressants)

vasculitis of graft vessels with dense interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate

50
Q

pathogenesis and features of CHRONIC transplant rejection

A

MHC I-nonself is perceived as MHC I-self presenting a non-self antigen
(irreversible)

T-cell and Ab-mediated vascular damage (obliterative vascular fibrosis); fibrosis of graft tissue and blood vessels

51
Q

pathogenesis and features of GRAFT vs. HOST transplant rejection

A

grafted immunocompetent T cells proliferate in the irradiated immunocompromised disease host and reject cells with “foreign” proteins, resulting in severe organ dysfunction (any organ may be targeted but skin, liver, and GI are generally affected more severely)

maculopapular rash, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, abdominal cramping, ileus

usually in bone marrow and liver transplant (organs rich in lymphocytes), or transfusion of non-irradiated blood

52
Q

transplant rejection with “vascular fibrinoid necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, and infarction”

A

hyperacute

53
Q

transplant rejection with “cellular: interstitial mononuclear infiltration; humoral: graft vasculitis”

A

acute

54
Q

transplant rejection with “obliterative intimal smooth muscle hypertrophy and fibrosis of cortical arteries”

A

chronic

55
Q

transplant rejection with

A

graft vs. host (GVHD)

56
Q

which 2 cytokines are anti-inflammatory?

A

IL-10 and TGF-B

57
Q

which cytokines are pro-inflammatory?

A

IL-1, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, TNF-a

58
Q

anti-apoptotic proteins

A

Bcl-2, Bcl-x

59
Q

pro-apoptotic proteins

A

Bak, Bax, Bim

60
Q

what is the overall function of Th1 cells?

what does it secrete?

A

cytotoxicity, delayed hypersensitivity

secretes IFN-y, IL2, lymphotoxin B

activates macrophages and CD8 T cells

inhibited by IL4 and IL10 (from Th2 cell)

61
Q

what is the overall function of Th2 cells?

what does it secrete?

A

secretion of antibodies

secretes IL4, IL5, IL10, IL13

initiation of antibody response, regulation of Ig class switching (recruits eosinophils for parasite defence and promotes IgE production by B cells)

inhibited by IFN-y (from Th1 cell)

62
Q

what is a Langhans giant cell?

A

a nonspecific finding in granulomatous conditions

characteristically have multiple nuclei organized peripherally in the shape of a horseshoe

Immunology (5 decks)

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