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Anatomy > General Histology > Flashcards

General Histology Flashcards

1
Q

The four tenets to the cell theory are

A
  1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. The cell is the most basic structural unit of life - units smaller than cells are not alive
  3. Cells arise by division of pre-existing cells - spontaneous generation does not exist
  4. Cells can be cultured to produce more cells; in vitro (outside organism or cell) or in vivo (inside organism or cell)
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2
Q

The two main groups of cells are

A
  1. Prokaryotic cell

2. Eukaryotic cell

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3
Q

Functions of cells include:

A
  1. Biosynthesis - protein, lipids
  2. Movement - amoeboid locomotion,
    internal transport
  3. Absorption/Secretion - endocytosis, exocytosis
  4. Cell division - mitosis, meiosis
  5. Energy production
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4
Q

The human (eukaryotic cell) is composed of three basic parts, namely:

A
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Nucleus
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5
Q

What is a cell

A

A cell is the basic, structural and functional unit of life. It is the smallest, basic structure of higher organisms capable of independent existence.

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6
Q

The major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is

A

The eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus while prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus but an undefined nuclear region made up of a single chromosome called nucleoid.

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7
Q

Membrane bound organelles include

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Nucleus
  3. Smooth and Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  4. Golgi apparatus
  5. Vesicles e.g Lysosomes, Phagosomes, Peroxisomes (microbodies)
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8
Q

Non-membrane bound organelles include

A
  1. Ribosome
  2. Cytoskeleton e.g Microfilaments, Microtubules
  3. Centriole (basal body)
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9
Q

What is mitosis

A

This is a type of cell division which involves the dividing of the genome (genetic material) between two daughter cells.

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10
Q

Meiosis is

A

This is a specialised type of cell division that occurs during the formation of gametes.

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11
Q

The protein which acts as a “surveillance system” to accept signals provoked by DNA damage and stimulates the halting of the DNA replication process is

A

p53

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12
Q

The endomembrane system is

A

This is defined as the set of membranes suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected together directly or exchanging material through vesicular transport.

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13
Q

The phases of mitosis and meiosis are

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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14
Q

The position at which a gene is located on a chromosome is called

A

Locus

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15
Q

Differentiation is

A

This is the process by which an unspecialised cell becomes specialised into one of the many cells that make up the body such as heart, liver or muscle cell.

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16
Q

Three basic categories of cells that make up the mammalian body are:

A
  1. Germ cells
  2. Somatic cells
  3. Stem cells
17
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

This is the process of duplicating a cell’s genome which is required every time a cell divides.

18
Q

DNA transcription is

A

This refers to the synthesis of RNA from DNA template.

19
Q

The process whereby RNA directs protein synthesis is called

A

Translation

20
Q

DNA repair systems include:

A
  1. Photoreactivation
  2. Nucleotide excision repair
  3. Recombination repair
  4. Base excision repair
  5. Mismatch repair
  6. Adaptive/inducible repair
  7. SOS repair
21
Q

What are caspases

A

These are biological enzymes which break down human cells into small fragments.

22
Q

Apoptosis is

A

This is a form of programmed cell death which involves a sequence of micromorphological events that leads to the elimination of cells without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area.

23
Q

What is the difference between apoptosis and oncotic necrosis

A
  1. Apoptosis is energy dependent while oncotic necrosis is energy independent
  2. Apoptosis does not damage plasma(cell membrane) while Oncotic necrosis causes direct damage to plasma membrane
  3. Apoptosis usually requires sufficient availability of caspases while Oncotic necrosis requires decreased availability of caspases.
24
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

The plasma membrane (which is a fluid mosaic model) is a lipid bilayer interspersed with proteins and carbohydrates (in a mosaic pattern) that separates the interior of the cell from the external environment.

25
Q

What are the three types of lipids present in the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Phospolipids (most abundant)
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Glycolipids
26
Q

State two functions of the plasma membrane

A
  1. It forms a barrier which is selectively permeable

2. It aids in cell-to- cell communication

27
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

ATP Synthesis

28
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

29
Q

The two types of Endoplasmic reticulum are:

A
  1. Rough (Granular) endoplasmic reticulum

2. Smooth (Agranular) endoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

What’s the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Due to the ribosomes present on its outer surface making it rough, it is also involved in protein synthesis

31
Q

What’s the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones

32
Q

What’s the function of Golgi apparatus (complex)

A

Modifying, sorting and packaging of secretory products

33
Q

What’s the function of Lysosomes

A

Intracellular digestion

34
Q

What’s the function of the nucleus

A

It is considered the largest cell organelle and contains the genetic material of the cell.

35
Q

All the organs of the human body are composed of four basic tissues, namely:

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Nervous tissue
  4. Muscle tissue
36
Q

What is Epithelial tissue

A

Epithelial tissue is an aggregate of uninterrupted cells that covers the inner and outer surfaces of organs and body cavities.

Anatomy (3 decks)

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