General Haematology

Question 1

albumin

Answer 1

protein made in the liver

helps keep fluid in your bloodstream

Question 2

plasma contains:

Answer 2

albumin

clotting/coagulation factors

antibodies

Question 3

antigen recognition and antibody formation is by:

Answer 3

lymphocytes

Question 4

antigen

Answer 4

a toxin or foreign substance that induces the immune response in the body

Question 5

monocytes

Answer 5

type of WBC

phagocytosis and kills pathogens

(can differentiate into macrophages)

Question 6

granulocytes

Answer 6

WBCs that help the immune response in fighting off foreign substances/ bacteria

Question 7

erythropoietin is made is response to what?

Answer 7

hypoxia

Question 8

haemostasis

Answer 8

prevents/ stops bleeding

induces clotting

Question 9

platelet

Answer 9

haemostatic and immune properties

Question 10

thrombopoeitin

Answer 10

regulates the production of platelets

made by the liver and kidneys

Question 11

what is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 11

low platelet count

Question 12

where are platelets made?

Answer 12

bone marrow

Question 13

what are neutrophils function?

Answer 13

to ingest and destroy pathogens (especially bacteria and fungi)

Question 14

neutrophilia

Answer 14

increase in the number of circulating neutrophils

can be MI, RA etc

Question 15

neutropenia

Answer 15

low levels of neutrophils

drugs, sepsis

Question 16

certain types of monocytes do what?

Answer 16

migrate into tissues and become macrophages

Question 17

lymphocyte

Answer 17

immune cell

Question 18

what are the 3 main subtypes of lymphocytes?

Answer 18

B cells

T cells

NK cells

Question 19

where are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 19

bone marrow

Question 20

HLA

Answer 20

human leukocyte antigen

regulates the immune system

Question 21

Immunoglobulin sub-class by disease

IgM paraproteins are in

Answer 21

lymphoma

Question 22

Immunoglobulin sub-class by disease

IgG and IgA paraproteins are in

Answer 22

myeloma

Question 23

people with haematological malignancy are at higher risk of developing what?

Answer 23

sepsis

neutropenia

Question 24

haematological malignancy are at higher risk of developing sepsis (due to a depressed immune system from chemo!) - what do you treat them with?

Answer 24

antibiotics

anti fungal

anti viral

PJP

Question 25

Gram negative bacterias:

Answer 25

E.coli Klebsiella Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella

Question 26

Gram positive bacterias:

Answer 26

Staphylococci: MSSS, MRSA Streptococci

Question 27

what is the sepsis 6?

Answer 27

administer high flow oxygen take blood culture/ consider source control give appropriate IV antibiotics within ONE HOUR measure serum lactate concentration start IV fluid resuscitation assess/ measure urine output

Question 28

what is virchow's triad? what are the components?

Answer 28

(measures thrombosis) vessel damage hyper - coagulability stasis

Question 29

name 3 innate immunity disorders (congenital)

Answer 29

chronic granulomatous disease leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 leukocyte adhesions deficiency type 2

Question 30

symptoms of an allergic reaction:

Answer 30

anaphylaxis asthma rhinitis urticaria angioedema atopic eczema

Question 31

what are some anaphylaxis symptoms?

Answer 31

low BP, angioedema, airway obstruction

Question 32

what is urticaria? what does it commonly present in?

Answer 32

itch edema of cutaenous tissues allergic reactions

Question 33

how do you treat allergies?

Answer 33

prevention desensitasation (allergen. immunotherapy) Drugs: B2 adrenergic agonists (salbutamol) epinephrine (adrenaline- usually in anaphylaxis) antihistamines corticosteroids

Question 34

two types of immunosuppressive drugs:

Answer 34

corticosteroids T-cell signalling blockade (cyclosporine) IL -2 inhibitors