General Fluid Movement

Question 1

Do the levels of body water change over the lifespan? If yes, how so?

Answer 1

Yes, they decrease over the lifespan

Question 2

Describe the relative volumes of the three body fluids?

Answer 2

Plasma - 3L
Interstitial fluid - 10L
Intracellular fluid - 28L

Question 3

What is the primary component of the body?

Answer 3

Water

Question 4

Lean body mass vs. adipose tissue

Which has a higher % of water?

Answer 4

Lean body mass

Question 5

What makes up lean body mass?

Answer 5

Muscles, organs, bones

Question 6

The more fat present in the body…

Answer 6

…the less total water content

Question 7

In older adults, the body water content is lower as a result of…

Answer 7

…decreased body mass

Question 8

1L of water = _Kg

Answer 8

1L of water = 1Kg

Question 9

For example, if a patient drinks 240 mL of fluid, weight gain will be:

Answer 9

0.24 kg

Question 10

What are electrolytes?

Answer 10

Substances whose molecules dissociate or split into ions when placed in solution

Question 11

What is the charge of most proteins?

Answer 11

Negtaive

Question 12

What are cations?

Answer 12

Positively charged electrolytes

Question 13

What are anions?

Answer 13

Negatively charged electrolytes

Question 14

The overall concentration of the electrolytes is approximately the ___ in the two compartments (ICF & ECF)

Answer 14

the same

Question 15

Main cation and anion in the ECF?

Answer 15

Cation - Sodium

Anion - Chloride

Question 16

Main cation and anion in the ICF?

Answer 16

Cation - Potassium

Anion -Phosphate

Question 17

What are the four pressures that control movement of fluid between capillaries and insterstitum?

Answer 17

1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. Plasma oncotic pressure
3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
4. Interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 18

What does Capillary hydrostatic pressure do?

Answer 18

Pushes fluid out of the capillaries

Question 19

What does Plasma oncotic pressure do?

Answer 19

Pushes fluid into capillaries due to plasma proteins

Question 20

What does Interstitial hydrostatic pressure do?

Answer 20

Pushes fluid into the capillaries

Question 21

What does Interstitial oncotic pressure do?

Answer 21

Pull fluid out of capillaries

Question 22

What is the capillary hydrostatic pressure on arterial and venous side?

Answer 22

Arterial - 40 mmHg

Venous - 10 mmHg

Question 23

What is the plasma oncotic pressure?

Answer 23

25 mmHg

Question 24

Which two pressure cause the movement of water out of the capillaries?

Answer 24

Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 25

Which two pressure cause the movement of fluid into the capillaries?

Answer 25

Plasma oncotic pressure and interstitisal hydrostatic pressure

Question 26

What are four ways edema can develop?

Answer 26

1. Lymphatic outflow is obstructed 2. Elevation of venous hydrostatic pressure 3. Decrease in plasma oncotic pressure 4. elevation of interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 27

What is happening in elevation of venous hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 27

Increasing the pressure at the venous end of the capillary inhibits fluid movement back into the capillary Causes: Fluid overload HF Liver failure

Question 28

What is happening in decrease in plasma oncotic pressure?

Answer 28

There isn't enough pressure to push the fluid back into the capillary so fluid remains in the interstitium This is usually seen when there is low plasma protein content This can be caused by: Excessive protein loss - renal disorders Deficient protein synthesis - liver disease Deficient protein intake - malnutrition

Question 29

What is happening when there is an elevation of interstitial oncotic pressure?

Answer 29

This occurs when there is damage to the capillary walls (inflammation, burns, etc.), proteins from the blood leak into the interstitial space, causing more fluid than normal to leak into the interstitial space, causing swelling

Question 30

Fluid movement between the ECF and the ICF is driven by differences in ___

Answer 30

Osmolarity

Question 31

Increased ECF osmolarity is a water __ in the cells

Answer 31

deficit

Question 32

Decreased ECF osmolarity is water __ in the cells

Answer 32

excess

Question 33

Changes in the osmolarity of the ECF alters the volume of the __

Answer 33

cells

Question 34

What happens during increased ECF osmolarity?

Answer 34

Water is pulled out of the cells until the two compartments have similar osmolarity, causing cell shrinkage as water is pulled into the vascular system

Question 35

What happens during decreased ECF osmolarity?

Answer 35

Water is pulled from the ECF into the cells, causing then to swell

Question 36

What body system shows symptoms first with increased/decreased ECF osmolarity? And as a result of what?

Answer 36

Neurological symptoms As a result of brain swelling (in decreased ECF osmolarity)

Question 37

What is fluid spacing?

Answer 37

A term used to describe the distribution of body water

Question 38

What is first spacing?

Answer 38

Describes the normal distribution of fluid in the ICF and ECF compartments

Question 39

What is second spacing?

Answer 39

Refers to an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema) The fluid is still part of extracellular fluid and can potentially be reabsorbed into the bloodstream or removed with treatment. This fluid is abnormal, but still accessible to the body. It's not permanently "trapped"

Question 40

What is third spacing?

Answer 40

Occurs when fluid accumulates in a portion of the body from which it is not easily exchanged with the rest of the ECF This fluid is trapped and essentially unavailable for functional use

Question 41

Serious complication of third-spacing

Answer 41

Hypovolemia

Question 42

Examples of third-spacing

Answer 42

Ascites Sequestration of fluid in the abdominal cavity with peritonitis Edema associated with burns, trauma, or sepsis